no your wrong, the round universe was about 1500 years ago, but for about 4500 years b4 that the earth is not a globe,, which is the fact of today,, we live under the firmament we always have and will always will,, the earth is not a globe, god bless us all
@lasest2 Only difference is that the round earth is much more obvious as people realized the earth was round millennia ago. The universe might be flat and there is no concrete evidence it's not. It might be but we need much better measurements to be sure.
@spaghetti yummy CAN SOMEONE PLEASE explain to me how the universe can have a shape at all? I am so fucking confused! How can there be a shape to an infinite void spanning into God knows what! Pls send help my brain is melting
Nice video, Anton. So, to recap: - the expansion of the Universe is accelerating and we don't know why - 95% of the energy/mass of the Universe is of unknown nature, i.e. we have no idea what D.E. and D.M. are or if they are real - not only the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, but its acceleration seems to be accelerating too - the fine structure constant may be changing across the Universe (and thus the speed of light) - several methods for Hubble constant determination give different results and we don't know why - we are finding large scale structures that defy our assumptions and understanding of the Universe, i.e. homogeneity and isotropy - the Hubble constant may be changing too - the geometry of space-time may not be flat after all That's what I call a CRISIS in cosmology
Why is it a crisis? It's just stuff we need to research into more. We know very little about the ocean floor and have only seen something like 5% of it would you describe deep sea exploration as in crisis?
"- not only the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, but its acceleration seems to be accelerating too" What if the acceleration of the acceleration is also accelerating? Wouldn't that be fucked
Why do i have the feeling that all this stuff might be ending up in stories about black holes containing universes and colliding bubble universes and that somewhere within an atom there's another universe as well?
@@VampireRat77 Please, don't mix ocean floor exploration with cosmology. Those are two totally different things that can't be compared, at least not in the sense in which you are comparing them.
@@will2see why not? Explain why you think cosmology is in a crisis. Just because there is a tonne of stuff we don't know with certainty? Then the ocean floor exploration is a perfect analogy. The only people I hear asserting that cosmology is in crisis are the religious nuts who want to try debunk the big bang with pseudoscience and a non understanding of the evidence. I'm guessing this is where you are trying to go with this.
Or we know so little about the universe that we don't even know what we don't know about it? Rather than a loaded gun, you've jumped the gun. The Universe is ridiculous in scale, and we aren't that smart. Assuming magic, because you don't immediately understand everything is irrational. Perhaps we'll find evidence that spiritualism is somewhat accurate, ie that new theory of consciousness I've been hearing about, or perhaps we won't but assuming without evidence is just lazy and won't have any benefits to society.
These idiots irritates me terribly. Same knuckle heads that says there is no God but they know for sure we all came from a meson sized singularity that contained several universal masses. That expanded trillions of times faster than light. And audaciously, these hypocrites calls God magical.
That's why I can't stand arrogant "scientists". We don't know a lot about the universe. Hell, we don't even understand consciousness and quantum physics.
@PLEASENINTENDONT EMF isn't a real phenomenon it's caused by atmospheric pressure eg those countless times people have tried the same thing as you and got no results The soul isn't energy and can't be observed or ever understood because the soul by definition wouldn't exist inside of our universe
6:03 So basically, the universe has a rendering distance; and as you travel, more of the universe loads in front of you, while distant parts behind you disappear. - Got it.
@@DildoBaggins. Ever heard of the Big Bang Echo (it's described as a universal 'hum' or 'buzzing')? That's probably just the fan for the computer our universe is being simulated in.
Awesome video! I always thought the idea of it being curved was more elegant and organic than flat and infinite... Thanks for using my image and the credit in the description. Keep up this good informative videos!!
@@thinkingmachine354 just as bad as when I'm late for work walk out of the house and as soon as I shut the door realize I left the keys in the house then have to break a window to get back in which I've done like four or five times so another words it fills me with the fire of a thousand suns worth of anger
It's the glass wormhole to the universe where your keys exist. You should get a handle lock that won't lock without the key, and or a hideaway for a spare key. OR carry 2 sets. Should never be a problem for you again.
Rainer zieht Katapulte nach Gondor I mean just think like u are a 2D figure on a 3D basketball. U will never understand the ball cuz u don’t have the means to comprehend it. U will not even understand why u end up at the same place by going forward cuz u can see it.
@aurinkohirvi 7 of 9’a boobs I believe is a better representation of how the universe should look, the universe is a mother after all, she gave birth to all the suns and worlds....🥴
I like how you can explain very detailed convoluted theories about physics without putting the extremely difficult math on the viewer. You're a great teacher thank you
This may sound weird I love the intros when you say hello wonderful person , because it's very personal . Every other channel is like hi guys , and that's more general
I mean it makes sense since everything within the universe (3D realm) has a spherical shape. so earth being spherical, the milky way having a spherical black hole in the middle, birthing a spiral shape. So it would be interesting if the universe is spherical, with a spiral expanse.
i think anton should re-point out in the comments that he didnt mean flat or round in the way that most would picture the universe as a whole. Its just the best term to describe the concept, you cant really picture it, most people in the comments dont seem to understand this.
i love your videos because actually seeing parts of these papers and learning about something as fundamental to science that i'd never heard of - the statistical confidence graph that you showed makes me feel like i am looking under the hood a little at a time and helps me go from a more popular science approach to connecting these discoveries with the actual paper. i hope that makes sense. anyways your work is much appreciated and i hope you're having a good day!! :)
You're talking about 2D curvature. Curvature in 3D is incomprehensible apart from a matrix, so we can't extend the same analogy of the usual curvature to the universe itself.
This has some great analogies to the Earth: You can go straight in any direction and return where you started. There is a horizon after which You can't see anything (which is defined by time). Universe has a center (which is at its beginning). And much more
Also if you work out the area of a circle of a given radius on the surface of the Earth then the area will not be pi * r^2, because the surface of the Earth is not Euclidean, i.e. flat. Likewise if you could work out the volume of a very large spherical region of space then if the Universe is closed the volume will be less than 4/3 * pi * r^3.
@Urayis wish l yeah I know it's all a sham for grant money and academic prestige. I love math and all but cosmology needs to deal with philosophical questions and processes as much as physical observations, otherwise we don't know what we are looking at or even what to look for in the first place
I've said for years and years that this was the case. Finally, somebody else listened. It's also important to note here that we are only looking at a very small portion of the universe; however, what we can do (via long-term observation) is extrapolate the curve. If will be a rough calculation, but it will be better than nothing. (Shrug.) Science will just have to live with those results until we can update our knowledge. OTOH, this would be an excellent use of AI. Feed one enough raw data, and it will eventually come up with somewhat "okay" statistics in this endeavor.
Very interesting. I had a hunch it was curved years ago. Obviously greater refinement is needed but I still predict we'll find Ω0>1. However, new discoveries tend to be far stranger than what we expect. I love how the universe keeps us on our toes. That's what makes it so interesting. Nice merch.
I've always believed this to be the case. It may be a little difficult to visualize, but in my mind, it makes perfect sense. The universe appears infinite, because in a curved universe, the boundries themselves would not be perceivable. It's infinate in that the membrane is infinitely traversable, and it would be beyond our capacity to literally see, because we are a part of it (the 4 dimensional contents, of a 5+ dimensional container. Like a 2D creature living in a 2D surface of a universe 'sphere', unable to percieve/see the dimensions beyond it, nor the boundries of it, because the plane in which the 2D beings inhabit is the 2D plane. They live on the surface of a sphere, one that can expand and contract, and can only know the surface of that sphere. Observable infinite in all directions.
I love these videos. Stuff like this deeply fascinates me. I love learning more about the way reality and the universe behaves and trying to figure out what reality IS exactly. And the full implications of what kind of existence this is.
@Priscilla Falzirolli That would be true if the universe was a sphere, but according to the scientist, the universe is flat. But it can’t be if parallel lines diverge, so it must be a saddle.
It would mean the universe is "infinite", just like our own earth. You'd eventually get back in the same spot, no matter where you go. It does mean there's an "inside" and "outside" of the ball.
Makes sense, tbh. Having an edge of the Universe in 3D space would be much weirder than looping back around to where you started. Just as weird as having an edge of the world.
The universe is shaped exactly like the Earth, if you go straight long enough you end up where you were. Nothing in the universe goes in a straight line. Gravity rides everything and almost every object small or large orbits something. Electrons, Galaxy clusters, I'm sure the great attractor is orbiting something bigger, maybe that something bigger is the center of a cork, then we end up where we were. It's hard to see what a house looks like when your standing inside it.
Lots of people in the comments talking about the "universe" being flat and even saying sphere, which is not at all what the concept of a curved universe is. It is not about the "shape" of the "universe", it is about the shape of space/spacetime. It does not imply the universe to look like a sheet of paper or a ball, it means that the angles of the imaginary triangle formed by any 3 points across the universe will always be less , equal or greater then 180deg. Just some food for thought ;)
@Spiderman That's it. Omitting time from spacetime is not a little aspect, it's the core of general relativity. It's kinda like leaving oxygen out of water molecules.
Oh, man, I told all my friends that the universe was flat. Now I need to go back and tell them that scientists were wrong or were they I don't know anything even Jon knows more than I do.
Something that always befuddled me about the negative curvature is how can it exist at all? I mean "flat" just means you can keep going in any direction forever. Positive means we live in a bubble, which lines up with multiverse theory and we have personal experience with that. But how does negative curvature even work? In 2D it's a saddle but what is it in 3D? How do you have a 3D object where points don't meet either themselves or come together?
Left-wing Democrats: You people disgust me! Shape shaming the universe like that! The earth and universe have the right to be any shape they want to be.
Wait, I have always thought Universe was like a sphere, finite but limitless. You end up where you started if you travel long enough. So looks like I missed nothing? :D
It's not like that, and also the universe did not come from a single point, that's what it looks like if you reverse the equations far enough but are equations don't apply to that situation we need to solve quantum gravity in order to understand it. For all other purposes it exploded everywhere at once. Also the flatness being talked about here is 4D flatness, not regular flat, OK?
Nice, I like curvy universes. Also, IF the universe round or curved, does that mean that the classic way of explaining wormhole theory by a paper sheet and a pen is no longer correct?
@Lazovets Haha wow. I just commented this- Here is the thing. We are actually inside one massive "black hole". The reason we can only get to the "edge of the visible universe", is becuase on the other side of what we can see, is where we came from originally. It's just the other side of the black hole we are in, which is why light cannot leave that barrier. If light could escape a black hole, we could essentially see through time, by basically looking out and seeing our backsides. It's like seeing the other side, by way of superposition. We could see the "anti matter" perspective.
In a black hole you cannot see radiation coming from the direction of the singularity. the angle radiation comes at you becomes a tighter and tighter circle opposite to the singularity. In our universe radiation comes at you from all directions. There is no noticeable singularity.
@@markmidwest7092 yeah makes sence, but what about us being on the surface of a black hole hypothesis? i dont remember how its called, something about hologram, holographic principle probably
@@lladerat Sorry for the late reply. I think the holographic surface theory comes from the fact that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to it's surface area and not to its volume like most things. So the idea is the information the blackhole swallowed is somehow on the surface. I am no where near learned enough on such things to weigh in on that but if we were on the surface of a black hole we would have no choice but to travel towards the singularity. All time-paths would force us there. In any event, even though an event horizon is somewhat of an imaginary line and nothing special happens there (unless you're one for the firewall hypothesis), one thing you WOULD notice is that half your view would be totally black and the other half would be the universe outside the hole. Once beyond that horizon, the amount of light coming in from the rest of the universe would come from a smaller and smaller circle. That's why I don't think we're in one now.
Not necessarily, macro structures have to be in 3 spatial dimensions. The rule of thumbs is that the bigger your go, the fewer the dimensions, as though fewer dimensions have to be built up from many more dimensions that presumably exist at a sub-atomic scale. The existence of greater than 3 dimensions is really a postulation from a mathematical concept that is applied try to help explain certain phenomena that are only observed at the sub-atomic scale. This is simply because more dimensions make the math work much better, not necessarily because they have actually been observed, just yet that is. So it's postulated that there are structured of 'curved' dimensions that cause space to wrap around itself, and perhaps even in those curved dimensions there could be yet even more curved areas of space. Nobody really knows for sure, it's all mathematical conjecture, but if it's true it would explain a lot of things.
Technically speaking, the resultant direction of the force of an explosion is by definition a curve. Microscopically, it is impossible to have all matter move in one direction because of the varying weights/shapes/acceleration of different particles in the space the explosive material comes in contact with. SO I think what others are commenting on is in reference to what we can understand could cause the curve, not a comment on the curve itself. You don't need to fully understand what a curved universe means to equate "curve" to "explosion". And yes, I understand that the curve you're referring to isn't exactly the same as the "shape". We aren't discussing a Doctoral Thesis so a little literary license is ok, no?
@@chrisrobinson9877 just because this is how matter behaves when it is affected by an explosion does not mean space will behave the same way to an event or a process that seems similar to an explosion. And expansion as a sphere is different to expansion as a glome.
@@MrRavellon You're asking me to prove a negative. You have no evidence that matter in interstellar and intergalactic space would react any differently than it does inside our solar system. If gravity is considered a relative constant in the universe (outside of Black Holes, of course), an outside force would have to act on matter that was accelerated from an explosion of any kind to cause it react differently than an explosion of any celestial body in our solar system. The "anything is possible" argument isn't valid when a set of facts are clearly established that cover a specific set of possibilities.
@@chrisrobinson9877 read what I said again. "Just because this is how *matter* behaves when it is affected by an explosion does not mean *space* will behave the same way to an event or process that seems similar to an explosion" Matter exists within space but those are different things. Matter that exists in interstellar or intergalactic space is still matter. Space within the boundaries of Solar System is still space. Explosion of matter and explosion of space are different processes. They may be similar or they may not be similar. So equating explosion with curve based on explosion of matter when we are talking about explosion of space is premature. It may be a correct assumption but a correct assumption made from a false premise is no more useful than a false assumption in the long run.
I always though the infinite universe doesnt really make sense. I mean if universe started expanding a finite amount of time ago at a finite rate, how can you get an infinite universe?
If it is infinite then it always was infinite. Expanding is something that simply takes place between every 2 points of place and in that case not something that expands into a nothing outside of the universe.
@@Dorihn2009 Well, if the current results are accurate at 99.8% now, then I dont think it will be too long before they can can good enough measurements to say what curvature the universe is with near absolute certainty, and even get some estimates of how big the universe actualy is. So hopefuly never is not gonna be the case :)
I don't recall anything about a "flat universe" automatically meaning an infinite universe. In fact, we know that the universe is expanding, and something can't "expand" if it's already infinite. However, one could say that the universe is _functionally_ infinite, because, as far as we know at the moment, it is expanding faster than the speed of light, which is the theoretical "speed limit" of everything (ignoring proposed warp drives and such), meaning that we could never reach the "edge".
Explosion on Earth is released as a 2-sphere - a two dimensional boundary of a three dimensional object. What he describes is a 3-sphere - a glome. It is a three dimensional boundary of a four dimensional object.
I can’t stop watching your videos I aspire to be an astrophysicist. Tho I’ll never make it as a professional due to my career path BUT! I love the basics of it and how well it can be broken down! Thanks to you! Please never stop!!!
The light from the edge of visible universe never showed any curvature at all. Which means 13.8 billion of light years is not enough to show any curvature. That would mean universe is much bigger than current believe. The visible universe is definetly flar just like a football field
Great report, thank you for reporting on that topic and study. Also important to mention is that the idea of a sphercial universe was suggestet by Einstein and other scientists about 100 years ago.
I thought the point was before we thought it's just a flat plane warped by gravity, but now it's an already curved plane that is still warped by gravity?
That could actually make sense if we assume that there is some large, negative gravitational mass that's produced a hill in space time... If it were a really shallow roughly bell curve hill, that could explain why the Hubble constant is variable, as the further you get from the centre, the shallower the hill is...
Kind of like our universe is a growing cell or a bubble in time, there could be other bubbles out there with other universes past the horizon, the world may never truly know
I never understood what they meant when they said flat universe, but your explanation and the diagrams in this video really helped me understand it, thanks!
Just found your channel and it’s amazing. I’m a huge fan of PBS space time, but the way the way you present things is so much easier for me to understand. My question is, if the universe is a curved, does this affect inflation mathematics in regard to the multiverse theory?
An interesting concept .... So as the globe expands , the distance between the "bits" that make up the crust will appear to and in actuality get larger .... How then to explain large clusters of crust clumping together again ....
A youtuber by the name of Jacob Gellar had a video on Space Engine, in which he also talked about another game called Paperclips. In this video he compared SE to the “Total Perspective Vortex” from the Hitchhiker’s Guide To The Galaxy books, a machine that extrapolates the entirety of the cosmos and compares the viewer in scale to the rest of reality, saying that SE was essentially that same exact thing, and how existentially terrifying it was to see just how minuscule we are to everything. Next he talked about Paperclips, a clicker game where you play as an AI built to make paperclips. In the process, you destroy all life and strip planets bare and consume entire star systems just to produce paperclips. Your final goal of the game is to explore all of space and turn everything into paperclips. And as ridiculous as that notion is, once you speed up the game’s time the percentage steadily rises. As Jacob describes in his video, seeing how even the enormity of the universe is finite makes for an oddly claustrophobic experience. He then took those two games and put them side-by-side, and he made an interesting comment. On the scale of the cosmos, in all it’s glory, agoraphobia and claustrophobia are basically the same thing. The universe is incomprehensibly vast, and we are beyond tiny and insignificant in it, and yet knowing that it is still finite, that there is a limit to just how much universe we have, makes us feel trapped and inclosed. The fear of being closed-in and the fear of the expanse are the same thing when concerning the universe.
![Blox Fruits Dragon Rework Update [Full Stream]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EqDAp8udhm0/mqdefault.jpg)
2019:The universe is round
3019:The flat universe society is born
Beat me too it!!
no your wrong, the round universe was about 1500 years ago, but for about 4500 years b4 that the earth is not a globe,, which is the fact of today,, we live under the firmament we always have and will always will,, the earth is not a globe, god bless us all
@lasest2 Only difference is that the round earth is much more obvious as people realized the earth was round millennia ago.
The universe might be flat and there is no concrete evidence it's not. It might be but we need much better measurements to be sure.
I was thinking the same thing hahahha awesome
@@terrymoore4057 How do you know this?
It must be curved because I tried understanding but ended up back where I started.
nice
Nobel prize right here.
Bravo
You just easily hit the number one spot in my top ten RUclips comments.
@@humanityandconflicts I used to think it did but now i've gone full circle.
Ugh, I can't stand those flat-universers
Flat-versers has a better ring to it
1:14 theres your answer.
@anubseran4774 everyone knows you see yourself with a cowboy hat
The universal Ugh
Why?
To me, the concept of a spherical universe feels quite natural.
Yeah but keep in mind it would be a 4D sphere.
@spaghetti yummy CAN SOMEONE PLEASE explain to me how the universe can have a shape at all? I am so fucking confused! How can there be a shape to an infinite void spanning into God knows what! Pls send help my brain is melting
Eratosthenes do you live on a spherical planet? Does it seem like a flat plane to you as an observer living on its surface?
@Francisco Russo I think of it as an N-dimensional sphere, but the only dimensions we can interact with are X, Y, Z and time.
Yeah! But the concept of a flat earth seemed more natural a long time a go, so maybe the same can be said about the universe.
Nice video, Anton. So, to recap:
- the expansion of the Universe is accelerating and we don't know why
- 95% of the energy/mass of the Universe is of unknown nature, i.e. we have no idea what D.E. and D.M. are or if they are real
- not only the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, but its acceleration seems to be accelerating too
- the fine structure constant may be changing across the Universe (and thus the speed of light)
- several methods for Hubble constant determination give different results and we don't know why
- we are finding large scale structures that defy our assumptions and understanding of the Universe, i.e. homogeneity and isotropy
- the Hubble constant may be changing too
- the geometry of space-time may not be flat after all
That's what I call a CRISIS in cosmology
Why is it a crisis? It's just stuff we need to research into more. We know very little about the ocean floor and have only seen something like 5% of it would you describe deep sea exploration as in crisis?
"- not only the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, but its acceleration seems to be accelerating too"
What if the acceleration of the acceleration is also accelerating? Wouldn't that be fucked
Why do i have the feeling that all this stuff might be ending up in stories about black holes containing universes and colliding bubble universes and that somewhere within an atom there's another universe as well?
@@VampireRat77 Please, don't mix ocean floor exploration with cosmology. Those are two totally different things that can't be compared, at least not in the sense in which you are comparing them.
@@will2see why not? Explain why you think cosmology is in a crisis. Just because there is a tonne of stuff we don't know with certainty? Then the ocean floor exploration is a perfect analogy.
The only people I hear asserting that cosmology is in crisis are the religious nuts who want to try debunk the big bang with pseudoscience and a non understanding of the evidence. I'm guessing this is where you are trying to go with this.
Now there's gonna be Curve-versers and Flat-versers and soon there might even be Sphere-versers.
Wait til the vice-versers get here
I’m a hypersphere-verser
Cant wait for the backyard experiments with twigs and threads to prove the universe is flat
Lol somebody call Sci-man Dan quick! 😄
If the Universe were flat, cats would have pushed everything off the side by now.
_"Your theory of a donut-shaped universe is intriguing, Homer. I may have to steal it."_
simpsons predicted the shape of universe.
*Torus intensifies*
Dunkin has been turning them out for quite a while. They say they're good with coffee.
Galaxies are the sprinkles.
" DOOOOOOO!"
“Previously on trying to figure out whats going on with the universe”
All physicists ever
Or we know so little about the universe that we don't even know what we don't know about it? Rather than a loaded gun, you've jumped the gun. The Universe is ridiculous in scale, and we aren't that smart. Assuming magic, because you don't immediately understand everything is irrational. Perhaps we'll find evidence that spiritualism is somewhat accurate, ie that new theory of consciousness I've been hearing about, or perhaps we won't but assuming without evidence is just lazy and won't have any benefits to society.
@@HaloForgeUltra What's more magical than the big bang abiogenesis and evolution?
These idiots irritates me terribly. Same knuckle heads that says there is no God but they know for sure we all came from a meson sized singularity that contained several universal masses. That expanded trillions of times faster than light. And audaciously, these hypocrites calls God magical.
That's why I can't stand arrogant "scientists". We don't know a lot about the universe. Hell, we don't even understand consciousness and quantum physics.
@PLEASENINTENDONT EMF isn't a real phenomenon it's caused by atmospheric pressure eg those countless times people have tried the same thing as you and got no results
The soul isn't energy and can't be observed or ever understood because the soul by definition wouldn't exist inside of our universe
6:03 So basically, the universe has a rendering distance; and as you travel, more of the universe loads in front of you, while distant parts behind you disappear.
-
Got it.
It's procedurally rendered on the fly.
Simulation theory confirmed
@@DildoBaggins. Ever heard of the Big Bang Echo (it's described as a universal 'hum' or 'buzzing')?
That's probably just the fan for the computer our universe is being simulated in.
@@TylerNOS386277 Somebody clean that fan please it's anoying!
TylerNOS386277 😆😂🤣🤣 That was rich!!
Awesome video! I always thought the idea of it being curved was more elegant and organic than flat and infinite... Thanks for using my image and the credit in the description. Keep up this good informative videos!!
First we had flat-earthers, and now we are gonna have flat-universers 🤣
Luis Alberto Pérez Nájera your “spherical ellipsoid” ass”, you means...
Odd how flat earthers are found around the world...
😂
@@72marshflower15 Don't you mean aflat the world?
J F a flat IQ?
@@JF-hv2bl excellent !
Then flat-dimensionalists!
The Anton Constant is always constant. Consistently excellent videos.
Thank you Anton! 👍👍👍
YES !!!!!!!!!!!!!
I'm pretty sure outside the universe is where my keys are
How bad would it be to lose the key to the 4th dimension.
@@thinkingmachine354 just as bad as when I'm late for work walk out of the house and as soon as I shut the door realize I left the keys in the house then have to break a window to get back in which I've done like four or five times so another words it fills me with the fire of a thousand suns worth of anger
@@MW-sw7so and the knowledge on how to repair windows.
@@pgtmr2713 whats a window?😁
It's the glass wormhole to the universe where your keys exist. You should get a handle lock that won't lock without the key, and or a hideaway for a spare key. OR carry 2 sets. Should never be a problem for you again.
“There is no obligation that the universe will make sense to you” - sigma
Never expected an overwatch player on this channel :)
Smegma
@@codenameidk206 same lol xD
What is that melody?!?
@@codenameidk206 You can't throw a rock without hitting an Overwatch player.
The universe is a marble hanging on a cats coller in a different dimension .
Ga-Krabb! Sugar! More...sugar!
Hahahahaha: I love that movie! :D
@@JohnStopman
Me too.
I remember this reference but can't place it, don't you hate that?
@@tinnitusthenight5545 Yes.
Spoiler:
Men in Black I
i like to think of the universe as sphere, everything else makes my brain go boom
Hahahah was win geiler Kanal name 😂
4 dimensional spheres don't make your brain go boom?
@@callumscott5107 I don't think he knows what you are talking about
Rainer zieht Katapulte nach Gondor I mean just think like u are a 2D figure on a 3D basketball. U will never understand the ball cuz u don’t have the means to comprehend it. U will not even understand why u end up at the same place by going forward cuz u can see it.
"And that, my liege, is how we know the universe to be banana shaped."
This new learning amazes me. Tell me again how the Casmir Effect can be employed to warp space time.
Oh crap. Our science team had already narrowed the choises to two:
it's shaped either like a chicken or Jeri Ryan's boobs.
Daniel disagrees but Jorge Cham is quite certain it’s banana shaped.
Amazing! Explain again how sheep's bladders may be used to prevent earthquakes?
@aurinkohirvi 7 of 9’a boobs I believe is a better representation of how the universe should look, the universe is a mother after all, she gave birth to all the suns and worlds....🥴
I'd be interested to see you do a calculation on the size of the universe assuming whatever curvature value they found in the study. Just for fun.
plot twist: the universe is shaped like a banana
A banana has both negative and positive curvature
"banana"
I KNEW IT. And they told me I was crazy all these years…!
I like how you can explain very detailed convoluted theories about physics without putting the extremely difficult math on the viewer. You're a great teacher thank you
November 2020: Scientists find the universe is shaped like a pretzel.
Salted or with poppy seeds?
@@FrikInCasualMode I prefer it with cinnamon.
Joke aside, topologically, that's actually possible regardless of the geometry of the universe.
I've heard an analogy to the big bang as a beer in a glass , so this theory seems to be plausible)
Pretzel Logic
flat-earthers are going to have a fit
FYI, they don't even believe in space. They are space deniers.
Why ? Because this video is nothing but a bunch of lies.
@@doozy6914 it is?
@@the_hanged_clown Unless your a gullible puppet , then it's all truth.
@@x_x5009 Are you not a Flatearther ? Gullible puppets the one who still believe that we live on a spinning ball flying thru space.
You need to print " Here there be dragons" around the edges on your flat map of the universe.
I LIKE THAT
Galaxies fall off the universe if they get too close to the edge!
SPACE DRAGONS!
@@mountainking1166 YES!!
@@mountainking1166 I FIXEED IT !
I've been waiting for you to cover this paper. Thanks!
Love the channel and love your content! Thank you for your time and passion Anton!
All lies, as on the outer edges of the Unknown Universe is an ice wall.
Haha good one
The Ur-Quan are hiding the truth.
No the universe is a triangle
We are being tought a big walll of lies and half truthes
Its where Hitler and the Blonde Hair Blue Eyed Aliens went.. and theres probably Illuminati bases guarded by Yeti's as well
This may sound weird I love the intros when you say hello wonderful person , because it's very personal . Every other channel is like hi guys , and that's more general
Goodbye terrible droid.
@@Jack_Vickers lol
That's why we like this guy so much !
@@Amonkai I'm glad you took it as a joke :) You are a wonderful person.
Hes greeting me you eejit.... not you
I never accepted it was flat to begin with so this makes me happy
Cole Thomson you’re such a genius.
I mean it makes sense since everything within the universe (3D realm) has a spherical shape. so earth being spherical, the milky way having a spherical black hole in the middle, birthing a spiral shape. So it would be interesting if the universe is spherical, with a spiral expanse.
@@SHIRO3301 it doesn't make sense
Same
Same
I just love how you change my perception of the universe on a regular basis.
Keep up this great work!
Take a shot everytime anton says "actual" and "actually".
Skanksteady BBBHHHHHBBHHHHHGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Yeah did it not geat ida eberyone?
Aaaaaa my liver!!!
I want to do that while actually in science class.
Take a shot everytime he blinks XD
At least he doesn't say "literally" with everything (whether literal or not).
I love your videos! They encourage me to pursue a physics major, just talking about all this makes me happy lol
Anton, are you saying that Astronomers should "get bent?"
i think anton should re-point out in the comments that he didnt mean flat or round in the way that most would picture the universe as a whole. Its just the best term to describe the concept, you cant really picture it, most people in the comments dont seem to understand this.
exactly, though you can actually picture it because its still 3D. There are certain guy that made a game called Hyperbolica with spherical geometry
i love your videos because actually seeing parts of these papers and learning about something as fundamental to science that i'd never heard of - the statistical confidence graph that you showed makes me feel like i am looking under the hood a little at a time and helps me go from a more popular science approach to connecting these discoveries with the actual paper. i hope that makes sense. anyways your work is much appreciated and i hope you're having a good day!! :)
Everything else in nature seems to be curved, why not the universe.
You're talking about 2D curvature. Curvature in 3D is incomprehensible apart from a matrix, so we can't extend the same analogy of the usual curvature to the universe itself.
Flat earthers just found new friends in the fight against multiple dimensions
This has some great analogies to the Earth:
You can go straight in any direction and return where you started.
There is a horizon after which You can't see anything (which is defined by time).
Universe has a center (which is at its beginning).
And much more
Also if you work out the area of a circle of a given radius on the surface of the Earth then the area will not be pi * r^2, because the surface of the Earth is not Euclidean, i.e. flat. Likewise if you could work out the volume of a very large spherical region of space then if the Universe is closed the volume will be less than 4/3 * pi * r^3.
Unless you start in Mexico and head north... there's an impenetrable wall you see
That makes sense, a lot of the same geometric principles involved, like a fractal pattern
@Urayis wish l yeah I know it's all a sham for grant money and academic prestige. I love math and all but cosmology needs to deal with philosophical questions and processes as much as physical observations, otherwise we don't know what we are looking at or even what to look for in the first place
@@pakde8002 not yet, but with any luck that will be true soon. Especially with the cartel situation.
I've said for years and years that this was the case. Finally, somebody else listened. It's also important to note here that we are only looking at a very small portion of the universe; however, what we can do (via long-term observation) is extrapolate the curve. If will be a rough calculation, but it will be better than nothing. (Shrug.) Science will just have to live with those results until we can update our knowledge. OTOH, this would be an excellent use of AI. Feed one enough raw data, and it will eventually come up with somewhat "okay" statistics in this endeavor.
Very interesting. I had a hunch it was curved years ago. Obviously greater refinement is needed but I still predict we'll find Ω0>1. However, new discoveries tend to be far stranger than what we expect. I love how the universe keeps us on our toes. That's what makes it so interesting. Nice merch.
“Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.” -Albert Einstein
that could only really be true if humanity lived on forever...
"Everyone is a genius" *Three drinks later*: *this meme
@@2019inuyasha human stupidity is infinite
2019inuyasha
Our stupidity will outlive us.
I was worried the first 7 seconds until I heard the "hello wonderfull person"
"And that, my liege, is how we know the universe to be banana-shaped."
When you said “you may have noticed that I’m wearing this same shirt for awhile” I thought you were happily announcing “IM HOMELESS”.
I've always believed this to be the case. It may be a little difficult to visualize, but in my mind, it makes perfect sense. The universe appears infinite, because in a curved universe, the boundries themselves would not be perceivable. It's infinate in that the membrane is infinitely traversable, and it would be beyond our capacity to literally see, because we are a part of it (the 4 dimensional contents, of a 5+ dimensional container. Like a 2D creature living in a 2D surface of a universe 'sphere', unable to percieve/see the dimensions beyond it, nor the boundries of it, because the plane in which the 2D beings inhabit is the 2D plane. They live on the surface of a sphere, one that can expand and contract, and can only know the surface of that sphere. Observable infinite in all directions.
I love these videos. Stuff like this deeply fascinates me. I love learning more about the way reality and the universe behaves and trying to figure out what reality IS exactly. And the full implications of what kind of existence this is.
With the expansion of the universe, the parallel lines would diverge, however small.
Are you saying this for flat or round universe? Because for flat, if every volume expands at the same rate, I don't think so...
@Priscilla Falzirolli
That would be true if the universe was a sphere, but according to the scientist, the universe is flat. But it can’t be if parallel lines diverge, so it must be a saddle.
Do we accept that the universe is expanding faster the further away it is from our perspective?
What if it's a 4D ball and we're living on the 3D surface.
@Spiderman I've been thinking this for quite a while.
It would mean the universe is "infinite", just like our own earth. You'd eventually get back in the same spot, no matter where you go. It does mean there's an "inside" and "outside" of the ball.
@@RDJ2 It's expanding. That's what gives it it's shape. Parallel lines diverge in our universe because of this.
This is pretty much the idea of our 3D universe as the surface of a 4D (hyper)sphere.
That shit dont make sense and you know it
So you're telling me neither the world or the universe is flat.
Spheres/circles are the natural state of just about everything in the universe.
Earth is flat but not sure about universes
@@rajatporwal6536
-bruh-
When something explodes it goes every direction not just one so it makes sense.
Our universe is flat though
Makes sense, tbh. Having an edge of the Universe in 3D space would be much weirder than looping back around to where you started. Just as weird as having an edge of the world.
The universe is shaped exactly like the Earth, if you go straight long enough you end up where you were.
Nothing in the universe goes in a straight line. Gravity rides everything and almost every object small or large orbits something. Electrons, Galaxy clusters, I'm sure the great attractor is orbiting something bigger, maybe that something bigger is the center of a cork, then we end up where we were.
It's hard to see what a house looks like when your standing inside it.
Lots of people in the comments talking about the "universe" being flat and even saying sphere, which is not at all what the concept of a curved universe is. It is not about the "shape" of the "universe", it is about the shape of space/spacetime. It does not imply the universe to look like a sheet of paper or a ball, it means that the angles of the imaginary triangle formed by any 3 points across the universe will always be less , equal or greater then 180deg.
Just some food for thought ;)
Sun: sphere
Moon: sphere
Earth: sphere
All planets & stars: sphere
Universe: flat?
When cosmologists say flat they don't mean like a sheet of paper.
600's BC: The earth is not flat!!
2019: The universe is not flat!!
You'd think we would have learned by now but sadly not the case.
there isn't much flat things left tho
we should have known: nothing is ever flat
@@googavo1d flat chest?
Anton: "0.1% incorrect"
The statistician in me: "RHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE"
Thanks Anton. A great reliable source for all the latest astronomical information, no BS, just the facts. Excellent.
Neil DeGrasse Tyson put it best when he said: "People don't think the universe be like it is, but it do."
Thomas Beckett,
Do or does?🤔🙂
@Ed,
Ok. :) Are you African-American yourself? I'm Dutch. :)
@Ed,
So are you Kenyan-American or Kenyan (born in Kenya)? :)
@Ed,
I'm born and raised in the Netherlands. :) Born in Amsterdam, I now live in Hulsberg. :)
Neil DeGrasse Tyson? Sounds more like Mike Tyson. :/
Hello wonderful Anton, this is person
I've never witnessed a flat explosion.
ScottMacBain
We are talking about curvature of the fabric of the universe, not the space.
Have you seen an explosion make a boeing 747? Personal incredulity + this doesn't so that can't isn't a very good argument.
So this explains why I keep ending up back where I started , thanks a lot universe !
You got a new subscriber! I like the way you explain. Been looking for a new space scienece channel and your's is the one!
One correction: it's not 3D space, it's *4D spacetime.*
@Spiderman that's not how general relativity works.
@Spiderman That's it. Omitting time from spacetime is not a little aspect, it's the core of general relativity. It's kinda like leaving oxygen out of water molecules.
@Spiderman You can't have time without space, nor space without time. If there is space, when does it exist? If there is time, what is existing in it?
Oh, man, I told all my friends that the universe was flat. Now I need to go back and tell them that scientists were wrong or were they I don't know anything even Jon knows more than I do.
Discussing the state of the universe is like discussing global warming. Woe be to the one who goes against popular opinion
Being wrong is not a bad thing, the bad thing is to not accept when you're wrong.
"well...I probably need to wash it" 😂. Anton, you are super interesting and super nerdy and that's great 👍
Something that always befuddled me about the negative curvature is how can it exist at all? I mean "flat" just means you can keep going in any direction forever. Positive means we live in a bubble, which lines up with multiverse theory and we have personal experience with that.
But how does negative curvature even work? In 2D it's a saddle but what is it in 3D? How do you have a 3D object where points don't meet either themselves or come together?
THANKS FOR THE UPDATE
Scientists: Stupid flat Earthers
Also Scientists: Universe is flat..
"Hey, Bob...that doesnt make sense."
Also Scientists: Universe isnt flat.
The earth is flat
@DEVlIIL , no it's a penis
@DEVlIIL a cube
@@houselemuellan8756 Finally a shape I can get behind.
Left-wing Democrats: You people disgust me! Shape shaming the universe like that! The earth and universe have the right to be any shape they want to be.
Flat earthers are like “see it’s a conspiracy, they got to the people who found out it was flat dude”
Aren’t “flat earthers” found around the world?
Lol 😂 get it!?!!
Yes they are all around the globe.
Wait, I have always thought Universe was like a sphere, finite but limitless. You end up where you started if you travel long enough. So looks like I missed nothing? :D
It's not like that, and also the universe did not come from a single point, that's what it looks like if you reverse the equations far enough but are equations don't apply to that situation we need to solve quantum gravity in order to understand it. For all other purposes it exploded everywhere at once.
Also the flatness being talked about here is 4D flatness, not regular flat, OK?
@@omeke9336 4D flatness is like a inflated shape. Like a non round baloon so basically a sphere
Thank you Anton to give others such awesomeness.
Nice, I like curvy universes.
Also, IF the universe round or curved, does that mean that the classic way of explaining wormhole theory by a paper sheet and a pen is no longer correct?
We are just in a black hole aren't we? And its impossible to prove.
@Lazovets
Haha wow. I just commented this-
Here is the thing. We are actually inside one massive "black hole". The reason we can only get to the "edge of the visible universe", is becuase on the other side of what we can see, is where we came from originally. It's just the other side of the black hole we are in, which is why light cannot leave that barrier. If light could escape a black hole, we could essentially see through time, by basically looking out and seeing our backsides. It's like seeing the other side, by way of superposition. We could see the "anti matter" perspective.
In a black hole you cannot see radiation coming from the direction of the singularity. the angle radiation comes at you becomes a tighter and tighter circle opposite to the singularity.
In our universe radiation comes at you from all directions. There is no noticeable singularity.
@@markmidwest7092 yeah makes sence, but what about us being on the surface of a black hole hypothesis? i dont remember how its called, something about hologram, holographic principle probably
If we are in a black hole and fly into a blackhole, is it black just because we get caught in a recursive loop forever?
@@lladerat Sorry for the late reply. I think the holographic surface theory comes from the fact that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to it's surface area and not to its volume like most things. So the idea is the information the blackhole swallowed is somehow on the surface.
I am no where near learned enough on such things to weigh in on that but if we were on the surface of a black hole we would have no choice but to travel towards the singularity. All time-paths would force us there.
In any event, even though an event horizon is somewhat of an imaginary line and nothing special happens there (unless you're one for the firewall hypothesis), one thing you WOULD notice is that half your view would be totally black and the other half would be the universe outside the hole. Once beyond that horizon, the amount of light coming in from the rest of the universe would come from a smaller and smaller circle.
That's why I don't think we're in one now.
My favorite day was when I could tell all the NON Flat Earthers the Universe was Flat.
The universe itself is probably a 4th dimensional shape or higher .
In its macro structure, probably not, but the atomic substructure possibly.
You're high
Not necessarily, macro structures have to be in 3 spatial dimensions. The rule of thumbs is that the bigger your go, the fewer the dimensions, as though fewer dimensions have to be built up from many more dimensions that presumably exist at a sub-atomic scale. The existence of greater than 3 dimensions is really a postulation from a mathematical concept that is applied try to help explain certain phenomena that are only observed at the sub-atomic scale. This is simply because more dimensions make the math work much better, not necessarily because they have actually been observed, just yet that is. So it's postulated that there are structured of 'curved' dimensions that cause space to wrap around itself, and perhaps even in those curved dimensions there could be yet even more curved areas of space. Nobody really knows for sure, it's all mathematical conjecture, but if it's true it would explain a lot of things.
A curved spacetime universe is equivalent to the hypersurface of a 5D or higher object
Yes it seems, 8d projected on 3 d.
Awesome stuff Anton, will be getting something from your store for sure , thanks
It’s kind of funny how excited this made me. I literally giggled when Anton said we might be able to calculate the size of the universe.
When we finally measure it we find out it is infinitely large and infinitely small.
Our measurements are meaningless.
Everyone here that says: "of course it's curved, it came to be from an explosion", doesn't understand what a curved universe actually means
Yeah, it is curved in the same way for 3D space as Earth is curved for 2D space.
It's actually less weird than to have an end of the Universe.
Technically speaking, the resultant direction of the force of an explosion is by definition a curve. Microscopically, it is impossible to have all matter move in one direction because of the varying weights/shapes/acceleration of different particles in the space the explosive material comes in contact with.
SO I think what others are commenting on is in reference to what we can understand could cause the curve, not a comment on the curve itself. You don't need to fully understand what a curved universe means to equate "curve" to "explosion".
And yes, I understand that the curve you're referring to isn't exactly the same as the "shape". We aren't discussing a Doctoral Thesis so a little literary license is ok, no?
@@chrisrobinson9877 just because this is how matter behaves when it is affected by an explosion does not mean space will behave the same way to an event or a process that seems similar to an explosion.
And expansion as a sphere is different to expansion as a glome.
@@MrRavellon You're asking me to prove a negative. You have no evidence that matter in interstellar and intergalactic space would react any differently than it does inside our solar system. If gravity is considered a relative constant in the universe (outside of Black Holes, of course), an outside force would have to act on matter that was accelerated from an explosion of any kind to cause it react differently than an explosion of any celestial body in our solar system.
The "anything is possible" argument isn't valid when a set of facts are clearly established that cover a specific set of possibilities.
@@chrisrobinson9877 read what I said again. "Just because this is how *matter* behaves when it is affected by an explosion does not mean *space* will behave the same way to an event or process that seems similar to an explosion"
Matter exists within space but those are different things. Matter that exists in interstellar or intergalactic space is still matter. Space within the boundaries of Solar System is still space.
Explosion of matter and explosion of space are different processes. They may be similar or they may not be similar. So equating explosion with curve based on explosion of matter when we are talking about explosion of space is premature. It may be a correct assumption but a correct assumption made from a false premise is no more useful than a false assumption in the long run.
Still trying to grasp what is the meaning of "almost absolutely"
It's like the idea of 99.999 - not quite 100 but basically 100
Nearly infinite..
Mildly terrifying..
Zero, more or less..
π..
For all intents and purposes, we'll treat it as true unless we find otherwise
Your correct, it's kind of an oxymoron. Better phraseology would be in order.
Better phraseology would not be in order.. we're humans, not Vulcans..
Curvature of the universe implies that you will be stretched or squeezed when you move fast enough. Maybe we could measure that.
Great channel. This actualy makes allot of sense.
I really enjoy your content and presantaion. Awesome work Anton, keep it up 👍
I always though the infinite universe doesnt really make sense. I mean if universe started expanding a finite amount of time ago at a finite rate, how can you get an infinite universe?
If it is infinite then it always was infinite. Expanding is something that simply takes place between every 2 points of place and in that case not something that expands into a nothing outside of the universe.
Well, the infinite universe its just another theory. The universe can be finite, but we don't have the ways to know that yet (probably never)
Frederick the Great It’s not that the universe is infinite. We simply don’t know how big it is because we can’t see beyond the observable universe.
@@Dorihn2009 Well, if the current results are accurate at 99.8% now, then I dont think it will be too long before they can can good enough measurements to say what curvature the universe is with near absolute certainty, and even get some estimates of how big the universe actualy is. So hopefuly never is not gonna be the case :)
I don't recall anything about a "flat universe" automatically meaning an infinite universe. In fact, we know that the universe is expanding, and something can't "expand" if it's already infinite. However, one could say that the universe is _functionally_ infinite, because, as far as we know at the moment, it is expanding faster than the speed of light, which is the theoretical "speed limit" of everything (ignoring proposed warp drives and such), meaning that we could never reach the "edge".
Broke: The earth is flat!
Woke: *The universe is flat!*
Penis pp
Woke: The universe is curved.
I have always thought the universe was round cause just like an explosion on earth energy is released in a spherical pattern..
Explosion on Earth is released as a 2-sphere - a two dimensional boundary of a three dimensional object. What he describes is a 3-sphere - a glome. It is a three dimensional boundary of a four dimensional object.
I can’t stop watching your videos I aspire to be an astrophysicist. Tho I’ll never make it as a professional due to my career path BUT! I love the basics of it and how well it can be broken down! Thanks to you! Please never stop!!!
A 0.1% error for something as big as the universe is inconceivably huge.
That makes sense
*The Universe is not Flat*
Its _T H I C C_
And we become more and more aware that we are an atom in a cell from another life form
Oh no.
Something Really Specific,
Oh yes.😂🤣😁
erik2000 Oh _no._
Then that would be one hell of a life Form if it has one complexity in just one atom...
Interesting: That could be God.
Nooooooooo
The first words weren't "Hello, wonderful person", the universe is a lie!
Propaganda!
Bring back the real Anton!
Its a clone of him, CIA arrested real Anton
@@takasmaka820 Capitalism has corrupted his body, no more wonderful Soviet courtesy
"lambs to the cosmic slaughter"
@@takasmaka820 maybe he knew too much, that's why he got arrested :v
@@martiddy he had information about aliens but dont say it anybody or you will be next
The light from the edge of visible universe never showed any curvature at all. Which means 13.8 billion of light years is not enough to show any curvature. That would mean universe is much bigger than current believe. The visible universe is definetly flar just like a football field
Great report, thank you for reporting on that topic and study. Also important to mention is that the idea of a sphercial universe was suggestet by Einstein and other scientists about 100 years ago.
That has been theorized for a long time. Space-time is “warped” by mass (gravity).
I thought the point was before we thought it's just a flat plane warped by gravity, but now it's an already curved plane that is still warped by gravity?
That could actually make sense if we assume that there is some large, negative gravitational mass that's produced a hill in space time...
If it were a really shallow roughly bell curve hill, that could explain why the Hubble constant is variable, as the further you get from the centre, the shallower the hill is...
Kind of like our universe is a growing cell or a bubble in time, there could be other bubbles out there with other universes past the horizon, the world may never truly know
we must be on the inside of some giant intestinal tract.
I never understood what they meant when they said flat universe, but your explanation and the diagrams in this video really helped me understand it, thanks!
Just found your channel and it’s amazing. I’m a huge fan of PBS space time, but the way the way you present things is so much easier for me to understand. My question is, if the universe is a curved, does this affect inflation mathematics in regard to the multiverse theory?
It's actually round. There's a whole theme here with nature.
What if it's just a cell inside a brain. Mind blown ^^
@@veterankamikaze3591 Nice =p
I believe the universe is like the crust around an expanding globe.
An expanding hollow globe where the reptilians are hiding in the center. I mean Ur-Quan.
Cheesy goodness in the center
New theory, the universe is a baking pizza...
An interesting concept .... So as the globe expands , the distance between the "bits" that make up the crust will appear to and in actuality get larger .... How then to explain large clusters of crust clumping together again ....
@@stevenattanasso2003 universal version of tectonic activity.
Uh oh... we are going to get some angry people😂
this was the best video i have yet seen on the shape of the universe.
A youtuber by the name of Jacob Gellar had a video on Space Engine, in which he also talked about another game called Paperclips.
In this video he compared SE to the “Total Perspective Vortex” from the Hitchhiker’s Guide To The Galaxy books, a machine that extrapolates the entirety of the cosmos and compares the viewer in scale to the rest of reality, saying that SE was essentially that same exact thing, and how existentially terrifying it was to see just how minuscule we are to everything.
Next he talked about Paperclips, a clicker game where you play as an AI built to make paperclips. In the process, you destroy all life and strip planets bare and consume entire star systems just to produce paperclips. Your final goal of the game is to explore all of space and turn everything into paperclips. And as ridiculous as that notion is, once you speed up the game’s time the percentage steadily rises. As Jacob describes in his video, seeing how even the enormity of the universe is finite makes for an oddly claustrophobic experience.
He then took those two games and put them side-by-side, and he made an interesting comment. On the scale of the cosmos, in all it’s glory, agoraphobia and claustrophobia are basically the same thing.
The universe is incomprehensibly vast, and we are beyond tiny and insignificant in it, and yet knowing that it is still finite, that there is a limit to just how much universe we have, makes us feel trapped and inclosed.
The fear of being closed-in and the fear of the expanse are the same thing when concerning the universe.