JAVA Lecture 09

Java Lecture 9: Multithreading and Concurrency
1. *Introduction to Multithreading:*
*Thread Concept:* A thread is a lightweight process that runs independently and can perform tasks simultaneously with other threads.
*Creating Threads:*
*Extending the Thread Class:* A thread can be created by subclassing the `Thread` class and overriding its `run()` method.
*Implementing Runnable Interface:* An alternative to extending `Thread` is implementing the `Runnable` interface and passing it to a `Thread` object.
*Thread Lifecycle:* Understanding the states a thread goes through, such as `New`, `Runnable`, `Blocked`, `Waiting`, and `Terminated`.
2. *Thread Synchronization:*
*Concurrency Issues:* When multiple threads access shared resources, there can be data inconsistencies or race conditions.
*Synchronization Mechanism:* Java provides synchronization to control access to shared resources using the `synchronized` keyword, preventing conflicts in multithreaded environments.
*Synchronized Methods:* Using the `synchronized` keyword to ensure only one thread executes a method at a time.
*Synchronized Blocks:* Synchronizing a block of code to allow more fine-grained control over thread access.
*Locks:* Using `ReentrantLock` and other lock mechanisms for more advanced synchronization techniques.
3. *Thread Communication:*
*Inter-thread Communication:* Java provides built-in methods like `wait()`, `notify()`, and `notifyAll()` for threads to communicate with each other during execution.
These methods allow threads to coordinate and share resources efficiently.
4. *Executor Framework:*
Instead of manually managing threads, the *Executor Framework* in Java provides a higher-level API for managing a pool of threads.
*Executor Service:* Manages a pool of threads and provides mechanisms for asynchronous task execution.
*Callable and Future:* The `Callable` interface allows tasks to return results, and the `Future` interface is used to fetch results from tasks.
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