As a farmer and forester in the Carolinas, I often wondered at the bay's origins,and reasons for their soil distribution. You have the most likely,and plausible explanation for the formation of the Carolina Bays. Thank you for your insight. Since the bays are generally 100 percent covering the ground area, where I live, I can't imagine anything surviving the ejecta impacts.
The Carolina Bays are usually wet for many months during the year. The swampy, sandy ground only supports some types of cypress, bayberry bushes, several kinds of grasses, and Venus flytraps
@@Antonio_Zamoraisn't it absolutely fascinating that something like ice ejecta can have such staggering localized effects on areas like these impact sites? Amazing. Thanks for your work sir, absolutely incredible.
It would have been an odd thing that nothing I can think of could reproduce. In a split second, and all at once, everything inside that circle would have died. For the outer ring of the circle (where I am) there would have been no warning and it would have ended as quick as it came. Everything in that entire circle smashed flat in probably, what, 30 seconds? I'm not real sure why it would have lasted that long but I guess you can only fit so much matter in a given amount of space, per second...so maybe it would have lasted longer. It really would have been just totally inconceivable...cue Princes Bride reference.
From the width-to-length ratios of the Carolina Bays, we can calculate the angles of the impacts. Using ballistic equations, we calculate that the secondary impacts that made the bays happened from 6 to 9 minutes after the extraterrestrial impact. It was 3 minutes of sustained bombardment. Absolutely terrifying and deadly.
Relating the evidence of the Carolina Bays to physical properties has convinced me of the validity of your hypothesis. Thank you for taking the time to show this.
It is nice that you talk about Comet impact... but you should not mix thing up 12,800 years... Earth (among others planets) was hit by a Comet...TAIL... IT WAS NOT THE COMET ITSELF The Carolina bay was hit by the same Comet TAIL but around 37-41,000 years ago
Your books on the creation of the Bays and the Nebraska Rainwater Basins are next on my reading list Antonio. Thank you for your work. Kindest regards from just south of the furthest extent of the FennoScandian ice sheet in England* at the LGM. *Kent, UK.
Thank you. Your work is answering questions I had in college 45 years ago This with an appreciation of your work built upon and in explanation of the work of many. Thanks.
Great presentation. Your ending idea that it is time to move beyond accepted official explanations reminded me of similar work in another field involving ballistic calculation. The same case is made by a group of researchers of the Kennedy assassinations.
Wow. I never even thought of the energy of the secondary debris from impacts. To think this was only 13,000 years ago. What did that do to us spiritually as mankind?
Thank you Antonio for you deft reasoning as to the Carolina bays inception. If the impactor had struck Michigan the size of the crater would be nearly equal to the Chicshulube crater. The ice sheet immediately filled in the Michigan location and actually pushed dirt and rock mounds over the impact site.
@@eb282 Think of how shipwrecks become buried. This happened 13,000 years ago, so all that time currents and sediments are depositing, filling up, washing away, packing down.
Dr. Zamora. You need to update your calculations on comet impacts. Although comets do move with more velocity - that is correct - they have now found via the probes in space that they are basically loosely based rocky bodies and not ice based bodies. Otherwise stellar work. Very good research here. Thanks.
This is why my video contained two comet size calculations - one with the density of rock (3000 kg/m^3) and another one with the density of ice (~1000 kg/m^3)
I really enjoy your work, you present it in a way even a layman can understand, a rare gift among academics! I know you've probably answered this before, but what is your estimate of how much water was added to our planet by the comet?
Has anyone tried excavating the defining ridges any of the smaller bays, say in NJ, for fauna or flora remains? If they had formed gradually, there would be none, or nearly none. If found, they could be dated.
if I get the energies right, as side effect the bang on the crust caused each and every volcano to erupt, or at least burp. the tsunamis of the ensuing larger earthquakes must have been significant as well.
Wouldn't there be geologic layering to prove that? There are dated tsunamis and certainly dated volcanic eruptions and ash and lava. IS there any indication of eruptions timed to only 13,000 years ago? There IS a black matte layer of what is believed to be burned flora from that period, but no one has mentioned volcanic layers.
Multiple asteroids or comet pieces may line up with Randal Carlson’s hypothesis. There may be a contact site in central British Columbia and the One under the GreenLand ice. A very bad day in North America
Mr. Zamora. Thank you for the compelling, detailed, and yet easily understood analysis of your hypothesis. My only question now is how does the impact of a 17km asteroid or 8 km comet not present itself in the numerous ice core samples taken across the northern and southern polar regions? Or do they support such a massive event? Surely they have samples taken during this period?
There is a widespread platinum anomaly at the Younger Dryas boundary. Here is a link to the paper that found the initial evidence. www.pnas.org/content/110/32/12917
I like it! Great research! If a comet has ice it brings two questions up. Could an air burst of a very large ice comet also create this? If this is non terrestrial ice...could the non terrestrial ice (that creates the bays in the way you explained) be of a different matter that melts to a gas instead of a liquid?
Thank you. This is very interesting. I think everyone is thinking too small when it comes to finding the impact site. I had looked into this about a year ago. and found that the impact site you are looking for is in Wisconsin, starting just south of the town of Plover and it is roughly about 800 square miles (40 x 20). It extends all the way down to Wisconsin Dells, and Petenwell Lake is also encompassed within the impact zone. This gash in our planet is best viewed using Google Earth because of its ability to tilt the view. I think you can best view the impact if you rotate the planet looking southward, towards Plover, WI and view the impact's edge as going to Stevens Point, to Wisconsin Rapids, to the Dells and then back up northwards towards Plover. I imagine the meteor was an aerial explosion that forced a really huge plate of the mile thick ice down into the Earth and heaviest towards the west/southwest. The rebound then threw the ice southeastward to South Carolina. Do you agree?
Some people have suggested that Michigan looks like a bull's eye target. ruclips.net/video/XOoTVIZcQLM/видео.html You also have to remember that Wisconsin was covered with an ice sheet that caused land subsidence.
Compelling calculations. I find it fascinating that a required consequence of the impact that there must me countless rocks and boulders scattershot over the whole eastern half of the country with origin in Michican and southern Canada that were carried by the rain of ice boulders. We could have been walking on them or digging them out of our gardens and not known it. Growing up near Cedar Rapids Iowa we had a 2 ton pink granite boulder in our yard that was assumed to be a glacial erratic. But who knows? It could also have been deposited there by an suborbital ice boulder. Proving the origins of such rocks found further south would be overwhelming confirmation of your hypothesis.
That sure puts things in perspective . You should do a video on what one would have witnessed at ground level within the Carolina Bay impact areas before, during and after. When you describe the secondary impacts and their mega tonnage per bay are we to visualize a nuclear blast type explosion with heat or ? Are these stadium size impactors of ice hitting the ground and fragmenting like hand grenades? I know the shock waves and sonic booms would be unimaginable but I can’t visualize heat coming out of these secondary impacts.?
In order for the glacier ice impacts to make conical cavities, the ground would have to be liquefied like during an earthquake. This means that as the ice boulders started falling, the ground would turn to quicksand and swallow you. Then, as you stood there trapped with mud up to your waist, a large glacier ice boulder would hit you and grind you into a smoothie accompanied by a thunderous sonic boom.
@@Antonio_Zamora Antonio, is it possible that the shock wave preceded the boulder impacts, the wave from the comet strike, I mean? Could the continent have transmitted a ground wave, like an earthquake creates, that moved out faster than the ejecta could arc and fall? Is that what you are saying?
The shockwave from the ET impact traveled at 5 km/s, so it would have reached the East coast before the ice boulder bombardment. Initially I thought that this might have caused the liquefaction of the soil, but I was never able to determine the magnitude of the shock wave 1,000 km away from the ET impact point. Eventually, I realized that the secondary glacier ice impacts had sufficient energy to liquefy the soil.
@Antonio Zamora have you seen any sonar scans of the Continental Shelf that contain an Carolina Bays? During the last ice age, the Continental Shelf was above Sea Level. I would expect the bays to also cover the shelf.
@@Antonio_Zamora I was hoping that the Sea level raise was fast enough to just flood the craters. Once they were immersed in water, the fine structure would be lost, but the gross depressions and splashes would show up as regular voids and ridges. I remember watching a video of an off shore drag fishing boat pulling up a mammoth tusk, bones and a Flint spearhead 60 miles off coast. An archeologist used side scan sonar to find the trawl scare and locate the foul point. (www.livescience.com/47289-mastodon-found-under-chesapeake-bay.html )
Thanks for the work! Question though: this would put the object as large as/greater than the KT Chixilub(sp?) impact wouldn’t it? I know there are many variables with ice, angle of impact etc, but based on comparison I’d expect larger impact than just N America. Unless of course water ejecta from this gave us The Flood?!
No, Chicxulub was bigger estimates are between 11km and 81km (arxiv.org/abs/1403.6391 ). an 11km wide(dia) comet would contain 696km^3 of ice the surface area of the current Oceans are 362,000,000 km^2. So, the water contained in the Comet would only raise World wide Ocean levels by 0.2 cm about 1/16". The energy release by the impact is this source of the Sea level raise. All estimates have the North American glaciers at about 2mi or 3.2km thick. The Laurentide ice sheet was estimated to contain about 37*10^6 km^3 of ice, when all that melted it would have raised the Sea level by over 100m (the surface area of the Oceans was smaller during the last ice age, I could not find an accepted value).
That's sufficient energy to eject a lot of the ice/water/vapor from Earth altogether. Has anyone calculated what energy would have gone to the ground hitting portion vs the extra terrestrial portion ?
I assume the scattering of the ice would be in preferred directions, much less going in the direction the impactor came from. How did you allow for this?
The original impactor site was consolidated ground - it was the ice sheet. The crater in the ice sheet would therefore have been circular - you only get elliptical craters where the ground was unconsolidated. The ice would therefore have been travelling fairly equally in all directions.
7:00 The assumption seems to be that equal areas had equal impacts? Given that tracing back from Carolina and Nebraska to the impact site assumes a direction of impact, is it not reasonable to assume that the impacts should be weighted more in those general directions and not be uniform as seemingly assumed? I am not sure if that would make the impactor's size larger or smaller? :-)
You are right, the calculation assumed that the New Jersey Band had a uniform distribution of impacts as found in New Jersey, and the Carolina Band, which included Nebraska, assumed impacts typical of those found in the East Coast sample area. If the ET impact produced a butterfly-shaped splash, those assumptions are wrong, and the calculation would overestimate the energy of the ET impact. If there is a better way, I would be interested in trying alternative methods.
This is another really intriguing presentation Mr Zamora,i think that the conclusions here make sense,and i feel more work needs to be done to firm up the details presented,but for sure,the research you've pulled together IMO has legs.I am curious about 2 or 3 points here and would like your opinion if possible sir. (1)how much of the impactors energy would have been converted into a high pressure expanding gas and ground penetrating pressure waves? As the kinetic energy would have essentially removed some of the original impactors mass from the projectiles that rained down further afield i was wondering if this has been fully taken into account.How much mass of the impactor percentage wise,was converted? (2)How firm,and what is the evidence for the time period of this event,what are the error bars? (3)What is the evidence that leads to the conclusion that people were alive,and witnessed this event,and how firm is it? An event of this magnitude,would surely have had major global effects,and so eyewitnesses certainly in the northern hemisphere,would surely have recorded the effects of an event of such a magnitude,even though separated by thousands of miles. (4)A gentleman in the comments has suggested something that occured to me also,which is that such an event must have triggered massive pressure waves that would have radiated through the earths crust.Every fault line,every subduction zone, every volcanic region,couldn't have stayed unaffected.Has that been seen? Thank you for the terrific presentations you have shared with us all. I'm not a geologist,just a curious layman,and i appreciate the time and effort you've taken to share with us all.
To the point about fault lines and subduction zones, think about today's earthquakes. We have witnessed 9.0 seismic events in the Kuril Islands, Chile, and Alaska, yet none of those triggered volcanic eruptions. What is the presumed cause and effect between subduction and immediate volcanic activity? I'm aware of the reverse being true, that rising magma triggers seismic events, but not the reverse, except in cinema.
Thanks for your questions. 1) In my book, I estimated that the energy to launch water above the atmosphere was about the same as the energy to launch the ice boulders, although I used Prouty's estimate of half a million bays. 2) The time period of the YD impact is quite firm at ~12,900 years ago. This is based on the platinum anomaly in the Greenland ice cores and at various sites in the U.S. The extinction did not happen all at once. I attribute that to the fact that the glacier ice bombardment covered the area from the Rocky Mountains to the East Coast. There would have been survivors beyond that point, but the 1300-year cold event would have finished off those who could not adapt. 3) People were definitely alive during the YD event. The cold event that followed created a Y-chromosome bottleneck in the human genome. See this video: ruclips.net/video/pWk5X_XIHJM/видео.html 4) It is difficult to prove anything about pressure waves because it is not easy to find physical evidence associated with the exact time. However, I discuss some atmospheric effects here: ruclips.net/video/EVThf6SoclM/видео.html
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank-you sirs . .also I notice the bays at the of florida have more distance from the impact site the the east coast bays so surely there must have been a huge amount of secondary impacts in the Atlantic Ocean there has this been taken into consideration when working out the size of the First impactor? 2 kilometres diameter seems way too small to me.
Any thoughts on estimation of distribution of impact sites beyond present coastline? Seems so much volume was ejected that explains why less freshwater flow signatures than expected from Canada
Aren't there some earlier videos that speak to the meltwater sea (Lake Agassiz) over the Laurentide ice sheet and speculations about when this finally broke and entered the ocean, raising sea levels in a sudden event?
Why were there no Carolina bays in the Mississippi valley portion of Arkansas? Just curious. The theory you have presented is very plausible and you've done it in an excellent way.
Carolina Bays can only form on unconsolidated ground that was liquefied by the seismic vibrations of the glacier ice impacts. This allowed the oblique impacts to create inclined conical cavities that became shallow elliptical bays by viscous relaxation. The Mississippi valley did not have the deep layer of unconsolidated soil required for the formation of the bays.
@@Antonio_Zamora Beyond the geological substantification, did your calculations consider the possible non-uniformity of ejecta when considering the mass of the initial impactor?
@@archstanton_live Carolina Bays can only be made in unconsolidated ground that could have been liquefied by the seismic vibrations of the secondary impacts. So we have a mystery regarding the reason for the asymmetric distribution of bays. Was it because of the land? Or, was it because of the distribution of ejecta?
I've given a lot of consideration to my original question. I've begun to believe that a great deal of meltwater must have come through the Mississippi valley. That, combined with the New Madrid earthquake fault line, which we know erupts about every 600 years, would have washed away any of the evidence of the ejecta that caused the Carolina bays. Would you agree?
Yeah, I was thinking something more analogous to your postulated impact. A remnant ice structure, modern enough to still exist but no doubt significantly deformed/altered/burried/shifted etc. Ice basins perhaps?
At time of impact, the ice sheet would have gone through transformations; ice into liquid water, ice into gas (steam), and liquid water into gas (steam). Add the giant chunks of still frozen ice being launched into a ballistic trajectory, wish could have seen it in person (probably not). Not only ice blasted out, but water vapor would have formed a thick cloud, blocking Sun.
And the water launched above the atmosphere, would have created a layer of ice crystals that blocked the light of the Sun. The Younger Dryas cooling event lasted about 1,300 years.
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you. Really enjoy your insight. It must have looked like world's biggest nuclear bomb. Mushroom cloud size of Michigan rising into the stratosphere.
Mr. Zamora’s hypothesis is at minimum 60% accurate. The human journey, along with the megafauna and untold other life, had the reset button pushed 12,900 years ago. Just yesterday folks! The biggest threat to humanity isn’t climate change or unsustainable forms of human social organization. The biggest threat is an object from the sky. In a rational world, people need to be aware of this risk and start a popular dialogue. These events are much more frequent than academia is teaching. Given that the human genome is ~180,000 years old, and what humanity has accomplished in just the past 1000 years, it should be obvious to EVERYONE that past advanced human civilizations have been extinguished multiple times. Is our present level of technological sophistication a peak for the species? Only if we get smart quickly, map the entire debris field Earth traverses and have at hand 10,000 proven interventions to deflect and/or destroy collision course objects. Great topic for dinner conversation!
The paper by Karmin (2015, Fig. S5) shows two Y chromosome bottlenecks - a deep one at 13 ka and a less severe one at 60 ka. Indeed, human civilizations have suffered multiple catastrophes, and we are lucky to be here. Karmin, M., et al., A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture, Genome Research 2015 Apr; 25(4): 459-466, DOI:10.1101/gr.186684.114
I wonder why the strip of land with the Carolina Bays has a higher energy density (bigger impacts) than New Jersey, when NJ is closer to the site of impact?
It's all about velocity. the kinetic energy equation is Ke=mv^2 The velocity is squared. Mr. Zamora described the distribution of fragments at the beginning of the video, the higher velocity fragments leave the impact crater at a higher angle and faster, they travel farther, the NJ band were slower, so they fell nearer the impact. I would have been nice to have Mr. Zamora calculate the average velocity of New Jersey and Carolina band impacts. I expect they differ by almost an order of magnitude, If this is true, then the energy delivered by similar mass fragments is 100 times higher in the Carolina band.
@@chucktodd7329 You are right about the speeds. The impacts in New Jersey came at a lower speed, but they were also smaller. As I mentioned in the discussion about ballistic sedimentation, one would expect the bigger chunks to fall closer to the ET impact point. The only explanation that makes sense to me is that the Laurentide Ice Sheet was not uniform at the point of impact and different amounts of ice were ejected in different directions.
@@Antonio_Zamora There is another hard to quantify value, Ice is fragile. What are the limits for impact energies. Too hard you just get steam, too fast and low an angle you get ablation. The sweet spot for the Carolina band went upwards through the rarefied shock cone of the Comet, the slower low angle events traveled through much thicker atmosphere. The variables and considerations are staggering to contemplate. Mr Zamora, do you have a calculation for the volume of the Carolina Band ice fragments? I can envision the Comet impacting through the ice sheet, vaporizing the "local" ice, injection the vaporized (plasma) ice into the surrounding ice sheet, this extreme pressure then ejecting the ice boulders and bergs. I am wondering how big this "radial" zone of expulsion was.
Even if it did, the subsequent melting of the adjacent ice would have flooded the area and washed away the evidence. This is why we cannot find a crater today.
Yes,I have a 3lb bulk of the dryas comet ,Founded in Liberty South Carolina which shows peligio glass fractured lines n Nanodiamonds .Have lab analysis n Spectroscopy report.
The energy of the projectile would have first pierced the ice sheet and then vaporized on contact with the bedrock beneath spreading super compressed gasses/steam underneath the ice and creating something like a giant aircraft carrier launch system for each one of the millions of ice boulders. Normal energies would have pulverized the ice turning it into so many tiny hail stones, but since the densities between the bedrock and ice sheet were different, the vaporization pressures spread horizontally. An impact experiment with ice over rock would be interesting.
Prof. Peter Schultz has conducted numerous impact experiments with NASA's Ames hypervelocity gun. The following video shows some of his experiments. ruclips.net/video/tv3jxaZVjFM/видео.html
@@Antonio_Zamora Thats great, thanks. It took me awhile to understand how such large ice-chunks could be launched all the way to the Carolinas in-tact as opposed to much tinier pieces of ejecta. In his experiment you can seethe ice chunks are large and not pulverized like one might initially suspect.
@@borderlineiq There is a paper that only considers the liquid-vapor phase transition. In the case of the Younger Dryas, there are two phase transitions: ice to water, and water to steam. It is a free PDF: www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc97/pdf/1369.PDF
Don't you think that is a bit specific to determine when even tracing the axes of the bays doesn't come to a fixed point but to an area? It was a huge primary impact explosion. Behaviors beyond that probably couldn't be determined even today if such an impact occurred in a remote place with no ice, and we survived to investigate.
I'm curious as to whether any other obscure elliptical features or other impact related features have been identified or are suggested now, even if faintly, anywhere else within the region you've identified as being pummeled by ice outside and away from the region of Carolina Bays and Nebraska Rainwater Basins now that your research has had time to incubate.
Is the assumption that all the kinetic energy of the impactor, 1E24J, is transformed into propelling ice chunks? What about rock deformation and rock and ice phase transformation?
The energy 1E24J corresponds to the creation of the Carolina Bays and Nebraska Rainwater Basins. Of course, additional energy would have been used for melting rock, melting ice into water, and vaporizing water into steam. In my book, I discuss the production of steam and the ejection of water above the atmosphere. I estimate that the amount of energy for these processes was about the same as the energy for launching the ice boulders. So the total amount of energy for the ET impact might have been double or 2E24J. One interesting aspect of the Carolina Bays is that they have an average width-to-length ratio of 0.58, which corresponds to impacts at 35 degrees. To me, this indicates that the ejecta curtain was broadened by a high-pressure steam vapor plume.
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you ( and I should buy the book) ! What are your thoughts on impactor trajectory : glancing or straight on Earth? Related I was reading a book about extinct megafauna in North America that disappeared around Younger Dryas (library book) with maps for fossil finds. Almost all the fossil finds in Eastern US were from Florida (~70%) or the Gulf States. It is not hard to imagine a Tsarbomba level of ice bombardment would pulverize all organic remains near the surface. By the same logic - if there are bogs or shallow lakes older than 12000 years one would expect a lack of large log wood pieces around the time of the ice chunk bombardment.
@@mattiasdahlstrom2024 There may have been more than one impact. South America also has evidence of a mass extinction. www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-38089-y#:~:text=Abstract,western%20Asia%20~12%2C800%20years%20ago. The Iturralde crater is a good candidate but it has not been investigated. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturralde_crater
@@Antonio_Zamora Human population went through a genetic bottleneck at the time of Younger Dryas as well. As for South America megafauna extinction (my favorite are the giant tunnels www.sciencealert.com/this-massive-tunnel-in-south-america-was-dug-by-ancient-mega-sloths ) given that the Pt spike is found world wide, and the climate changed world wide as well : are multiple impacts necessary to explain it? The impact in North America would have been immense but even so the global climate disruption would have been extremely stressful. There is speculation that there was a concurrent impact causing the mega floods in the Columbia basin, and one in Syria.
Thank you, this was a great video. Here's a thought. Some people think that an advanced civilization was around be for the Younger Dryas, possibly Atlantis. If such a civilization existed on the east coast of North America, it would have been obliterated instantly with no chance of finding any evidence. If what we have built in the same areas were hit the same way, there would be no trace of our culture. Just a thought.
@@archstanton_live There is no fiction, if what we have built along the east coast of the US was hit by the fallout from a comet strike on an ice sheet, nothing would be left that would be recognizable. And yes, Atlantis could have existed, not as a advanced culture with flying cars but with a level of technology like the Egyptians or Romans.
@@davidgriffin9412 I hear you thinking: "But the Clovis people were likely wiped out by environmental changes secondary to the impact. They were not pulverized as I had proposed." True, however, if an advanced civilization had existed in Carolina at the time, the peoples may well have ceased to exist there, but remnants of their tools would not have been completely obliterated. hth :)
The math is right. The kinetic energy is 1/2(mv^2), but the speed of the asteroid is 17 km/s and the speed of the comet is 50 km/s. For any specific kinetic energy, the mass of the comet will always be smaller than the mass of the asteroid. What the comet lacks in mass it makes up in speed.
Events like this are hard to wrap your head around. The absolute destruction behind a catastrophe like this. If there were survivors, which there had to be, they would say it was biblical.
Thank you Antonio. Wonder how are reaches of ice sheet at the time determined, specially around Saginaw Bay. Wouldn't moraines in that area be completely obliterated and if there are some, could those be created after the impact during the Younger Dryas?
I have always argued that ground zero of an extraterrestrial impact is not likely to preserve the moraines and other evidence that is used by glaciologists to deduce the extent of glacier coverage. Some experts have objected to my hypothesis about the impact on ice at Saginaw Bay 12,900 years ago, saying that there was no ice at that location then. I have a couple of videos that touch on the glaciation: Younger Dryas Impact on Ice ruclips.net/video/Q0MsB8pN1uY/видео.html and Younger Dryas Lake Agassiz ruclips.net/video/cawrBvT1MHM/видео.html By the way, the critics ignore the elliptical geometry of the Carolina Bays and their radial alignment toward the Great Lakes.
This fascinating information which you present so well, and so scientifically, does not seem as readily accepted by the scientific community as one would logically expect it to be. The event(s) which you describe clearly occurred, and not long ago. That science does not embrace this clear and factual information, tells me that they don't want to know everything which could be learned from further study. How do you fix stupid? Why the denial of the facts? Let's rewrite the history books ASAP. Thanks, Antonio.
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you. Even the raising of it will obviously force a re-examination, and lead away from the lame previous explanations of wind and water.
What you are showing is suggesting to me a highly chaotic event with multiple impacts. Many incoming objects have been shown to break up shortly after hitting earths atmosphere. The resulting chaos would prevent a pinpoint definition. Stand back and look at the big picture. Something hit the earth and caused great damage all over the eastern part of the continent. The most important thing to take out of this is when.
What if calculated with comet Encke's speed of 70 km/s? Or how much damage if 2P/Encke hit square on? In all likelihood the progenitor of the Taurid Stream would swing around the inner solar system numerous times before parts of it caused the 12,900ka event and what would have man thought about this new spectacle, maybe come up with symbology of Ouroboros?
As a believer in the Scriptures, I am indebted to you for your work on this subject. Most Christians just scratch their head and are confused as to how to interpret this information or cram it into a model that demands that we all have ‘more faith’. I see a different path. Everything about this video is evidence of the earth (not the heavens) being made ‘without form and void’. Why? because that comet/asteroid was the first worldwide judgment against the civilization prior to Adam & Eve. Most Christians don’t have a clue about what happened before Adam & they prefer to remain ignorant. Ignorance is a form of knowledge and it has gotten them into trouble by avoiding this evidence and has made them a laughing stock of the scientific community.
The ice cover during the Last Glacial Maximum did not cover Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The bays have been preserved because the porous ground drains rain water through underground aquifers, preventing surface erosion. The following link has a map of the ice coverage: www.geology.wisc.edu/~rabecker/GEOL%20376%20Introduction.htm
I'm sorry, but where are all the crushed rocks? If either a comet or asteroid impacted the ice sheet the shock wave should have crushed rock to a depth of a thousand feet +.
The ET impact hit the 2-km thick Laurentide ice sheet. The glacier ice boulders ejected from this impact made the Carolina Bays. Then, the ice surrounding the ET impact zone started melting and washed away the impact evidence. This is the reason why up to now no typical impact crater has been found at the convergence point of the Carolina Bays and the Nebraska rainwater basins.
@@Antonio_Zamora No sir you misunderstand. Here in Michigan, there are no moraines of fractured rock. There is no fractured rock zone beneath Huron Bay. The force of such an impact should have been transmitted threw the ice to leave a distinct crater formation. And given your theory, it should be egg shaped. Your thoughts?
@@rlbadger1698 I have proposed that the ET projectile hit the Laurentide ice sheet which was 2 km thick. Any crater would have been made in the ice, and the ice could have prevented the formation of the type of rock that you mention.
@@Antonio_Zamora I do not have the physics to compute the effect on the rock beneath the ice. Have the computations been done as the the transmission of force?
If you have Google Earth, go up to the East Siberian Sea and look all around the coastline and inland. You’ll see similar shapes that look like secondary impacts similar to the Carolina Bays but to say that’s what they are... I’m not qualified. But the more you look it sure makes you wonder . You can find craters with raised rims like the C.B’s. It looks like the surface up there has been shot with an enormous shotgun blast. If those are secondary craters you can see sequential impacts in some of those lakes. Craters within craters
The lakes in Siberia and Alaska are thermokarst lakes that form like sinkholes and then fill with water. The following video describes the differences between these lakes and Carolina Bays. ruclips.net/video/E6FFX9hpWLA/видео.html
It's no wonder fossil hunters on the east coast get so many smashed up megafauna fossils !? Would have been a day to remember if you were still standing !? ps get the books, a very good read !
Where is the crater in British Columbia that you are talking about? All the evidence points to volcanism as a cause of the rapid melting of the Cordilleran ice sheet. ruclips.net/video/pLoIdZlYnpc/видео.html
It is nice that you talk about Comet impact... but you should not mix thing up 12,800 years... Earth (among others planets) was hit by a Comet...TAIL... IT WAS NOT THE COMET ITSELF The Carolina bay was hit by the same Comet TAIL but around 37-41,000 years ago
What do you refer to when you say "the Carolina bay"? The LIDAR imaging has proven there are over one million of them. How are your dates for the prior impact derived? Where did it strike and how did you identify the locus?
Younger Dryas wasn't caused by a Comet.... It was caused by our Star, The Sun ! Can you say Recurring (every 12,000 years) MicroNova ? *PS: Our 12,000 years is up any day now !*
Geologists are strange people. When they look at the hundreds of horizontal layers on top of each other they say that there is no single proof for a recurring disaster. But the tiny iridium layer somewhere between the horizontal layers is the talk of the geologist town. They ignore ancient texts, like the Indian Mahabharata and the Mayan Popol Vuh, that tell us that our planet Earth is suffering from a cycle of seven natural disasters. These disasters are caused by the ninth planet in our solar system which is surrounded by a huge cloud of dust and meteorites. That is why the planet seems to be invisible. At the end of the disasters, that causes flooding all over the planet even above the highest mountain, the earth is covered with a thick layer of mud which is a mix of existing materials as sand and lime and clay and of the deposition of the dust cloud. So each layer on our planet must have depositions from the dust cloud around planet 9. And that dust cloud will be very old and contain no living organism because that dust comes from outer space. We found abundant and convincing evidence for the existence of this planet and the disasters. Ancient civilizations recorded information about this terrible natural cataclysm both in texts and in images. When you do not know about these disasters you can not determine the age of rocks. To learn much more about the cycle of recurring floods and its timeline, the recreation of civilizations and ancient high technology, read the eBook: "Planet 9 = Nibiru". You can read it on every computer, tablet or smartphone. Search: invisible nibiru 9
As a farmer and forester in the Carolinas, I often wondered at the bay's origins,and reasons for their soil distribution. You have the most likely,and plausible explanation for the formation of the Carolina Bays. Thank you for your insight. Since the bays are generally 100 percent covering the ground area, where I live, I can't imagine anything surviving the ejecta impacts.
Speaking of forestry, are there any noticeable differences in the trees located near the bays compared to elsewhere?
The Carolina Bays are usually wet for many months during the year. The swampy, sandy ground only supports some types of cypress, bayberry bushes, several kinds of grasses, and Venus flytraps
@@Antonio_Zamoraisn't it absolutely fascinating that something like ice ejecta can have such staggering localized effects on areas like these impact sites? Amazing. Thanks for your work sir, absolutely incredible.
I ponder the day of, as well. What a sight.
I also ponder that this was not a singular event in our history.
Thank you sir.
Absolutely not and probably not the last, either. Stay healthy and keep your eyes up. See you all next video.
It would have been an odd thing that nothing I can think of could reproduce. In a split second, and all at once, everything inside that circle would have died. For the outer ring of the circle (where I am) there would have been no warning and it would have ended as quick as it came. Everything in that entire circle smashed flat in probably, what, 30 seconds? I'm not real sure why it would have lasted that long but I guess you can only fit so much matter in a given amount of space, per second...so maybe it would have lasted longer. It really would have been just totally inconceivable...cue Princes Bride reference.
From the width-to-length ratios of the Carolina Bays, we can calculate the angles of the impacts. Using ballistic equations, we calculate that the secondary impacts that made the bays happened from 6 to 9 minutes after the extraterrestrial impact. It was 3 minutes of sustained bombardment. Absolutely terrifying and deadly.
@@Antonio_Zamora It was a real Hell on Earth. Great Work Antonio!
November 1st
Very well presented, thank you! ☄️💥
Excellent work! Though the reality and enormity of what happened is extremely saddening.
Relating the evidence of the Carolina Bays to physical properties has convinced me of the validity of your hypothesis. Thank you for taking the time to show this.
It is nice that you talk about Comet impact...
but you should not mix thing up
12,800 years... Earth (among others planets) was hit by a Comet...TAIL... IT WAS NOT THE COMET ITSELF
The Carolina bay was hit by the same Comet TAIL but around 37-41,000 years ago
Your books on the creation of the Bays and the Nebraska Rainwater Basins are next on my reading list Antonio. Thank you for your work.
Kindest regards from just south of the furthest extent of the FennoScandian ice sheet in England* at the LGM.
*Kent, UK.
Thankyou Antonio. Human existence is so fragile.
Thank you. Your work is answering questions I had in college 45 years ago
This with an appreciation of your work built upon and in explanation of the work of many.
Thanks.
Excellent.
Great presentation. Your ending idea that it is time to move beyond accepted official explanations reminded me of similar work in another field involving ballistic calculation. The same case is made by a group of researchers of the Kennedy assassinations.
Wow. I never even thought of the energy of the secondary debris from impacts. To think this was only 13,000 years ago. What did that do to us spiritually as mankind?
PTSD can affect whole societies, even cause mass amnesia.
Obliterated the old gods.
Thank you Antonio for you deft reasoning as to the Carolina bays inception. If the impactor had struck Michigan the size of the crater would be nearly equal to the Chicshulube crater. The ice sheet immediately filled in the Michigan location and actually pushed dirt and rock mounds over the impact site.
Im wondering if the continental shelf was above water at the time of impact and are Carolina basins visible underwater today
Most assuredly. Look at a chart of sea level rise since the last ice age.
One would guess that sedimentation and currents would be enough to erode the ridges left that define the bays, would they not?
Camas 🤷
@@eb282 Think of how shipwrecks become buried. This happened 13,000 years ago, so all that time currents and sediments are depositing, filling up, washing away, packing down.
thx for your work
Dr. Zamora. You need to update your calculations on comet impacts. Although comets do move with more velocity - that is correct - they have now found via the probes in space that they are basically loosely based rocky bodies and not ice based bodies. Otherwise stellar work. Very good research here. Thanks.
This is why my video contained two comet size calculations - one with the density of rock (3000 kg/m^3) and another one with the density of ice (~1000 kg/m^3)
@@Antonio_Zamora Yes, but you did not use a rocky body going the same velocity as a comet. Just an observation. Thanks for your reply
@@mariofurtado3458 Look more carefully: ruclips.net/video/8BBXAhNaBPQ/видео.html
I really enjoy your work, you present it in a way even a layman can understand, a rare gift among academics! I know you've probably answered this before, but what is your estimate of how much water was added to our planet by the comet?
Has anyone tried excavating the defining ridges any of the smaller bays, say in NJ, for fauna or flora remains? If they had formed gradually, there would be none, or nearly none. If found, they could be dated.
Thx u Antonio 💪 👋 👌
Amazing video. Thanks for your diligent research.
The "impact crater" I found is in this band that the Carolina's are in. Looks round but when measured is longer than wide.
Opposite of the Nebraska cluster.
if I get the energies right, as side effect the bang on the crust caused each and every volcano to erupt, or at least burp. the tsunamis of the ensuing larger earthquakes must have been significant as well.
Wouldn't there be geologic layering to prove that? There are dated tsunamis and certainly dated volcanic eruptions and ash and lava. IS there any indication of eruptions timed to only 13,000 years ago? There IS a black matte layer of what is believed to be burned flora from that period, but no one has mentioned volcanic layers.
More likely a crush rock crater miles across.
Have a look at the Sahara desert from satellite images and it looks like there was a massive movement of water over it at some stage in history.
Multiple asteroids or comet pieces may line up with Randal Carlson’s hypothesis. There may be a contact site in central British Columbia and the One under the GreenLand ice. A very bad day in North America
Mr. Zamora. Thank you for the compelling, detailed, and yet easily understood analysis of your hypothesis. My only question now is how does the impact of a 17km asteroid or 8 km comet not present itself in the numerous ice core samples taken across the northern and southern polar regions? Or do they support such a massive event? Surely they have samples taken during this period?
There is a widespread platinum anomaly at the Younger Dryas boundary. Here is a link to the paper that found the initial evidence. www.pnas.org/content/110/32/12917
@@Antonio_Zamora thank you sir for taking the time to answer my question.
So fascinating....I'm convinced...great work...
I like it! Great research! If a comet has ice it brings two questions up. Could an air burst of a very large ice comet also create this? If this is non terrestrial ice...could the non terrestrial ice (that creates the bays in the way you explained) be of a different matter that melts to a gas instead of a liquid?
I live in SE MS and I've seen a black mat layer in layers of the Earth here.
Thank you. This is very interesting. I think everyone is thinking too small when it comes to finding the impact site. I had looked into this about a year ago. and found that the impact site you are looking for is in Wisconsin, starting just south of the town of Plover and it is roughly about 800 square miles (40 x 20). It extends all the way down to Wisconsin Dells, and Petenwell Lake is also encompassed within the impact zone. This gash in our planet is best viewed using Google Earth because of its ability to tilt the view. I think you can best view the impact if you rotate the planet looking southward, towards Plover, WI and view the impact's edge as going to Stevens Point, to Wisconsin Rapids, to the Dells and then back up northwards towards Plover. I imagine the meteor was an aerial explosion that forced a really huge plate of the mile thick ice down into the Earth and heaviest towards the west/southwest. The rebound then threw the ice southeastward to South Carolina. Do you agree?
Some people have suggested that Michigan looks like a bull's eye target. ruclips.net/video/XOoTVIZcQLM/видео.html
You also have to remember that Wisconsin was covered with an ice sheet that caused land subsidence.
Amazing Antonio
Compelling calculations. I find it fascinating that a required consequence of the impact that there must me countless rocks and boulders scattershot over the whole eastern half of the country with origin in Michican and southern Canada that were carried by the rain of ice boulders. We could have been walking on them or digging them out of our gardens and not known it. Growing up near Cedar Rapids Iowa we had a 2 ton pink granite boulder in our yard that was assumed to be a glacial erratic. But who knows? It could also have been deposited there by an suborbital ice boulder. Proving the origins of such rocks found further south would be overwhelming confirmation of your hypothesis.
I participated in the first attempt to find some clasts from Michigan in a Carolina Bay. ruclips.net/video/2IjnWHqa_0U/видео.html
Haha!! Great work, sir. I believe the previous 'requiem' has met its requiem!
That sure puts things in perspective . You should do a video on what one would have witnessed at ground level within the Carolina Bay impact areas before, during and after. When you describe the secondary impacts and their mega tonnage per bay are we to visualize a nuclear blast type explosion with heat or ? Are these stadium size impactors of ice hitting the ground and fragmenting like hand grenades?
I know the shock waves and sonic booms would be unimaginable but I can’t visualize heat coming out of these secondary impacts.?
In order for the glacier ice impacts to make conical cavities, the ground would have to be liquefied like during an earthquake. This means that as the ice boulders started falling, the ground would turn to quicksand and swallow you. Then, as you stood there trapped with mud up to your waist, a large glacier ice boulder would hit you and grind you into a smoothie accompanied by a thunderous sonic boom.
@@Antonio_Zamora Antonio, is it possible that the shock wave preceded the boulder impacts, the wave from the comet strike, I mean? Could the continent have transmitted a ground wave, like an earthquake creates, that moved out faster than the ejecta could arc and fall? Is that what you are saying?
The shockwave from the ET impact traveled at 5 km/s, so it would have reached the East coast before the ice boulder bombardment. Initially I thought that this might have caused the liquefaction of the soil, but I was never able to determine the magnitude of the shock wave 1,000 km away from the ET impact point. Eventually, I realized that the secondary glacier ice impacts had sufficient energy to liquefy the soil.
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you. Imagining the possibilities is so integral to exploring them through research.
@Antonio Zamora have you seen any sonar scans of the Continental Shelf that contain an Carolina Bays? During the last ice age, the Continental Shelf was above Sea Level. I would expect the bays to also cover the shelf.
The Carolina Bays are just sandy structures which are easily eroded by water. They are not found in any place that has active water movement.
@@Antonio_Zamora I was hoping that the Sea level raise was fast enough to just flood the craters. Once they were immersed in water, the fine structure would be lost, but the gross depressions and splashes would show up as regular voids and ridges. I remember watching a video of an off shore drag fishing boat pulling up a mammoth tusk, bones and a Flint spearhead 60 miles off coast. An archeologist used side scan sonar to find the trawl scare and locate the foul point. (www.livescience.com/47289-mastodon-found-under-chesapeake-bay.html )
Thanks for the work! Question though: this would put the object as large as/greater than the KT Chixilub(sp?) impact wouldn’t it? I know there are many variables with ice, angle of impact etc, but based on comparison I’d expect larger impact than just N America. Unless of course water ejecta from this gave us The Flood?!
No, Chicxulub was bigger estimates are between 11km and 81km (arxiv.org/abs/1403.6391 ). an 11km wide(dia) comet would contain 696km^3 of ice the surface area of the current Oceans are 362,000,000 km^2. So, the water contained in the Comet would only raise World wide Ocean levels by 0.2 cm about 1/16". The energy release by the impact is this source of the Sea level raise. All estimates have the North American glaciers at about 2mi or 3.2km thick. The Laurentide ice sheet was estimated to contain about 37*10^6 km^3 of ice, when all that melted it would have raised the Sea level by over 100m (the surface area of the Oceans was smaller during the last ice age, I could not find an accepted value).
fantastic work
That's sufficient energy to eject a lot of the ice/water/vapor from Earth altogether. Has anyone calculated what energy would have gone to the ground hitting portion vs the extra terrestrial portion ?
I assume the scattering of the ice would be in preferred directions, much less going in the direction the impactor came from. How did you allow for this?
Also how about the airborne ice chunks having midair collision
The original impactor site was consolidated ground - it was the ice sheet. The crater in the ice sheet would therefore have been circular - you only get elliptical craters where the ground was unconsolidated. The ice would therefore have been travelling fairly equally in all directions.
Glacier ice chunks that had mid-air collisions created heart-shsped bays. ruclips.net/video/GuXbApgjnr8/видео.html
Dr Zamora I think that lmpact proxies extended into eastern NEW MEXICO ICE Impact sites are located from Artesia eastward
7:00 The assumption seems to be that equal areas had equal impacts? Given that tracing back from Carolina and Nebraska to the impact site assumes a direction of impact, is it not reasonable to assume that the impacts should be weighted more in those general directions and not be uniform as seemingly assumed? I am not sure if that would make the impactor's size larger or smaller? :-)
You are right, the calculation assumed that the New Jersey Band had a uniform distribution of impacts as found in New Jersey, and the Carolina Band, which included Nebraska, assumed impacts typical of those found in the East Coast sample area. If the ET impact produced a butterfly-shaped splash, those assumptions are wrong, and the calculation would overestimate the energy of the ET impact. If there is a better way, I would be interested in trying alternative methods.
This is another really intriguing presentation Mr Zamora,i think that the conclusions here make sense,and i feel more work needs to be done to firm up the details presented,but for sure,the research you've pulled together IMO has legs.I am curious about 2 or 3 points here and would like your opinion if possible sir.
(1)how much of the impactors energy would have been converted into a high pressure expanding gas and ground penetrating pressure waves?
As the kinetic energy would have essentially removed some of the original impactors mass from the projectiles that rained down further afield i was wondering if this has been fully taken into account.How much mass of the impactor percentage wise,was converted?
(2)How firm,and what is the evidence for the time period of this event,what are the error bars?
(3)What is the evidence that leads to the conclusion that people were alive,and witnessed this event,and how firm is it?
An event of this magnitude,would surely have had major global effects,and so eyewitnesses certainly in the northern hemisphere,would surely have recorded the effects of an event of such a magnitude,even though separated by thousands of miles.
(4)A gentleman in the comments has suggested something that occured to me also,which is that such an event must have triggered massive pressure waves that would have radiated through the earths crust.Every fault line,every subduction zone, every volcanic region,couldn't have stayed unaffected.Has that been seen?
Thank you for the terrific presentations you have shared with us all. I'm not a geologist,just a curious layman,and i appreciate the time and effort you've taken to share with us all.
To the point about fault lines and subduction zones, think about today's earthquakes. We have witnessed 9.0 seismic events in the Kuril Islands, Chile, and Alaska, yet none of those triggered volcanic eruptions. What is the presumed cause and effect between subduction and immediate volcanic activity? I'm aware of the reverse being true, that rising magma triggers seismic events, but not the reverse, except in cinema.
Thanks for your questions. 1) In my book, I estimated that the energy to launch water above the atmosphere was about the same as the energy to launch the ice boulders, although I used Prouty's estimate of half a million bays. 2) The time period of the YD impact is quite firm at ~12,900 years ago. This is based on the platinum anomaly in the Greenland ice cores and at various sites in the U.S. The extinction did not happen all at once. I attribute that to the fact that the glacier ice bombardment covered the area from the Rocky Mountains to the East Coast. There would have been survivors beyond that point, but the 1300-year cold event would have finished off those who could not adapt. 3) People were definitely alive during the YD event. The cold event that followed created a Y-chromosome bottleneck in the human genome. See this video: ruclips.net/video/pWk5X_XIHJM/видео.html 4) It is difficult to prove anything about pressure waves because it is not easy to find physical evidence associated with the exact time. However, I discuss some atmospheric effects here: ruclips.net/video/EVThf6SoclM/видео.html
excellent video thanks could this be responsible for the missoula floods also please?
The Missoula floods happened much earlier. ruclips.net/video/pLoIdZlYnpc/видео.html
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank-you sirs . .also I notice the bays at the of florida have more distance from the impact site the the east coast bays so surely there must have been a huge amount of secondary impacts in the Atlantic Ocean there has this been taken into consideration when working out the size of the First impactor? 2 kilometres diameter seems way too small to me.
Any thoughts on estimation of distribution of impact sites beyond present coastline? Seems so much volume was ejected that explains why less freshwater flow signatures than expected from Canada
Aren't there some earlier videos that speak to the meltwater sea (Lake Agassiz) over the Laurentide ice sheet and speculations about when this finally broke and entered the ocean, raising sea levels in a sudden event?
I live a couple of miles from a minor bay. Love the vids.
Why were there no Carolina bays in the Mississippi valley portion of Arkansas?
Just curious. The theory you have presented is very plausible and you've done it in an excellent way.
Carolina Bays can only form on unconsolidated ground that was liquefied by the seismic vibrations of the glacier ice impacts. This allowed the oblique impacts to create inclined conical cavities that became shallow elliptical bays by viscous relaxation. The Mississippi valley did not have the deep layer of unconsolidated soil required for the formation of the bays.
@@Antonio_Zamora Beyond the geological substantification, did your calculations consider the possible non-uniformity of ejecta when considering the mass of the initial impactor?
@@archstanton_live Carolina Bays can only be made in unconsolidated ground that could have been liquefied by the seismic vibrations of the secondary impacts. So we have a mystery regarding the reason for the asymmetric distribution of bays. Was it because of the land? Or, was it because of the distribution of ejecta?
I've given a lot of consideration to my original question. I've begun to believe that a great deal of meltwater must have come through the Mississippi valley. That, combined with the New Madrid earthquake fault line, which we know erupts about every 600 years, would have washed away any of the evidence of the ejecta that caused the Carolina bays. Would you agree?
Over geological time Antarctica would have suffered impacts, perhaps there are preserved impact structures to be found in the ice there?
Some possible impact craters have been found in Antarctica. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_Land_crater
Yeah, I was thinking something more analogous to your postulated impact. A remnant ice structure, modern enough to still exist but no doubt significantly deformed/altered/burried/shifted etc. Ice basins perhaps?
At time of impact, the ice sheet would have gone through transformations; ice into liquid water, ice into gas (steam), and liquid water into gas (steam). Add the giant chunks of still frozen ice being launched into a ballistic trajectory, wish could have seen it in person (probably not). Not only ice blasted out, but water vapor would have formed a thick cloud, blocking Sun.
And the water launched above the atmosphere, would have created a layer of ice crystals that blocked the light of the Sun. The Younger Dryas cooling event lasted about 1,300 years.
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you. Really enjoy your insight. It must have looked like world's biggest nuclear bomb. Mushroom cloud size of Michigan rising into the stratosphere.
Mr. Zamora’s hypothesis is at minimum 60% accurate. The human journey, along with the megafauna and untold other life, had the reset button pushed 12,900 years ago. Just yesterday folks! The biggest threat to humanity isn’t climate change or unsustainable forms of human social organization. The biggest threat is an object from the sky. In a rational world, people need to be aware of this risk and start a popular dialogue. These events are much more frequent than academia is teaching. Given that the human genome is ~180,000 years old, and what humanity has accomplished in just the past 1000 years, it should be obvious to EVERYONE that past advanced human civilizations have been extinguished multiple times. Is our present level of technological sophistication a peak for the species? Only if we get smart quickly, map the entire debris field Earth traverses and have at hand 10,000 proven interventions to deflect and/or destroy collision course objects. Great topic for dinner conversation!
The paper by Karmin (2015, Fig. S5) shows two Y chromosome bottlenecks - a deep one at 13 ka and a less severe one at 60 ka. Indeed, human civilizations have suffered multiple catastrophes, and we are lucky to be here.
Karmin, M., et al., A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture, Genome Research 2015 Apr; 25(4): 459-466, DOI:10.1101/gr.186684.114
I wonder why the strip of land with the Carolina Bays has a higher energy density (bigger impacts) than New Jersey, when NJ is closer to the site of impact?
It's all about velocity. the kinetic energy equation is Ke=mv^2 The velocity is squared. Mr. Zamora described the distribution of fragments at the beginning of the video, the higher velocity fragments leave the impact crater at a higher angle and faster, they travel farther, the NJ band were slower, so they fell nearer the impact. I would have been nice to have Mr. Zamora calculate the average velocity of New Jersey and Carolina band impacts. I expect they differ by almost an order of magnitude, If this is true, then the energy delivered by similar mass fragments is 100 times higher in the Carolina band.
@@chucktodd7329 You are right about the speeds. The impacts in New Jersey came at a lower speed, but they were also smaller. As I mentioned in the discussion about ballistic sedimentation, one would expect the bigger chunks to fall closer to the ET impact point. The only explanation that makes sense to me is that the Laurentide Ice Sheet was not uniform at the point of impact and different amounts of ice were ejected in different directions.
@@Antonio_Zamora There is another hard to quantify value, Ice is fragile. What are the limits for impact energies. Too hard you just get steam, too fast and low an angle you get ablation. The sweet spot for the Carolina band went upwards through the rarefied shock cone of the Comet, the slower low angle events traveled through much thicker atmosphere. The variables and considerations are staggering to contemplate.
Mr Zamora, do you have a calculation for the volume of the Carolina Band ice fragments? I can envision the Comet impacting through the ice sheet, vaporizing the "local" ice, injection the vaporized (plasma) ice into the surrounding ice sheet, this extreme pressure then ejecting the ice boulders and bergs. I am wondering how big this "radial" zone of expulsion was.
Such a large body vs 4km of ice. Does it leave a permanent mark on ground beneath?
Even if it did, the subsequent melting of the adjacent ice would have flooded the area and washed away the evidence. This is why we cannot find a crater today.
Yes,I have a 3lb bulk of the dryas comet ,Founded in Liberty South Carolina which shows peligio glass fractured lines n Nanodiamonds .Have lab analysis n Spectroscopy report.
The energy of the projectile would have first pierced the ice sheet and then vaporized on contact with the bedrock beneath spreading super compressed gasses/steam underneath the ice and creating something like a giant aircraft carrier launch system for each one of the millions of ice boulders. Normal energies would have pulverized the ice turning it into so many tiny hail stones, but since the densities between the bedrock and ice sheet were different, the vaporization pressures spread horizontally. An impact experiment with ice over rock would be interesting.
Prof. Peter Schultz has conducted numerous impact experiments with NASA's Ames hypervelocity gun. The following video shows some of his experiments. ruclips.net/video/tv3jxaZVjFM/видео.html
@@Antonio_Zamora Thats great, thanks. It took me awhile to understand how such large ice-chunks could be launched all the way to the Carolinas in-tact as opposed to much tinier pieces of ejecta. In his experiment you can seethe ice chunks are large and not pulverized like one might initially suspect.
@@Antonio_Zamora Are there computer models that are sophisticated enough to handle all the dynamics of such a titanic impact?
@@borderlineiq There is a paper that only considers the liquid-vapor phase transition. In the case of the Younger Dryas, there are two phase transitions: ice to water, and water to steam. It is a free PDF: www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc97/pdf/1369.PDF
did it spin hitting earth and splinter piece splashed westward
Don't you think that is a bit specific to determine when even tracing the axes of the bays doesn't come to a fixed point but to an area? It was a huge primary impact explosion. Behaviors beyond that probably couldn't be determined even today if such an impact occurred in a remote place with no ice, and we survived to investigate.
Thanks
Maybe an odd question but is there similar evidence in France or Spain???
The Carolina Bays are only found within 1500 km from the Great Lakes.
Mmm ,could you imagine if there were even a few similar impacts,the potential implications???
I'm curious as to whether any other obscure elliptical features or other impact related features have been identified or are suggested now, even if faintly, anywhere else within the region you've identified as being pummeled by ice outside and away from the region of Carolina Bays and Nebraska Rainwater Basins now that your research has had time to incubate.
Perhaps the boulder fields in Pennsylvania are of some such shape. Keep us posted of your findings.
Look at the gulf of st Lawrence crater est 10-12000 years ago
Is the assumption that all the kinetic energy of the impactor, 1E24J, is transformed into propelling ice chunks? What about rock deformation and rock and ice phase transformation?
The energy 1E24J corresponds to the creation of the Carolina Bays and Nebraska Rainwater Basins. Of course, additional energy would have been used for melting rock, melting ice into water, and vaporizing water into steam. In my book, I discuss the production of steam and the ejection of water above the atmosphere. I estimate that the amount of energy for these processes was about the same as the energy for launching the ice boulders. So the total amount of energy for the ET impact might have been double or 2E24J. One interesting aspect of the Carolina Bays is that they have an average width-to-length ratio of 0.58, which corresponds to impacts at 35 degrees. To me, this indicates that the ejecta curtain was broadened by a high-pressure steam vapor plume.
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you ( and I should buy the book) ! What are your thoughts on impactor trajectory : glancing or straight on Earth?
Related I was reading a book about extinct megafauna in North America that disappeared around Younger Dryas (library book) with maps for fossil finds. Almost all the fossil finds in Eastern US were from Florida (~70%) or the Gulf States. It is not hard to imagine a Tsarbomba level of ice bombardment would pulverize all organic remains near the surface. By the same logic - if there are bogs or shallow lakes older than 12000 years one would expect a lack of large log wood pieces around the time of the ice chunk bombardment.
@@mattiasdahlstrom2024 There may have been more than one impact. South America also has evidence of a mass extinction. www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-38089-y#:~:text=Abstract,western%20Asia%20~12%2C800%20years%20ago.
The Iturralde crater is a good candidate but it has not been investigated. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturralde_crater
@@Antonio_Zamora Human population went through a genetic bottleneck at the time of Younger Dryas as well.
As for South America megafauna extinction (my favorite are the giant tunnels www.sciencealert.com/this-massive-tunnel-in-south-america-was-dug-by-ancient-mega-sloths ) given that the Pt spike is found world wide, and the climate changed world wide as well : are multiple impacts necessary to explain it? The impact in North America would have been immense but even so the global climate disruption would have been extremely stressful. There is speculation that there was a concurrent impact causing the mega floods in the Columbia basin, and one in Syria.
I might be in the middle of Montana but I too agree with the other commenters.
Thank you, this was a great video. Here's a thought. Some people think that an advanced civilization was around be for the Younger Dryas, possibly Atlantis. If such a civilization existed on the east coast of North America, it would have been obliterated instantly with no chance of finding any evidence. If what we have built in the same areas were hit the same way, there would be no trace of our culture. Just a thought.
fiction is down the hall to the right
@@archstanton_live There is no fiction, if what we have built along the east coast of the US was hit by the fallout from a comet strike on an ice sheet, nothing would be left that would be recognizable. And yes, Atlantis could have existed, not as a advanced culture with flying cars but with a level of technology like the Egyptians or Romans.
@@davidgriffin9412 like the Clovis people.
@@davidgriffin9412 I hear you thinking: "But the Clovis people were likely wiped out by environmental changes secondary to the impact. They were not pulverized as I had proposed." True, however, if an advanced civilization had existed in Carolina at the time, the peoples may well have ceased to exist there, but remnants of their tools would not have been completely obliterated. hth :)
Why would the comet be smaller than an asteroid to yield a similar energy?
I think there's an issue with the math.
The math is right. The kinetic energy is 1/2(mv^2), but the speed of the asteroid is 17 km/s and the speed of the comet is 50 km/s. For any specific kinetic energy, the mass of the comet will always be smaller than the mass of the asteroid. What the comet lacks in mass it makes up in speed.
Or was it a micro Nova from the sun?
Do you really know what a micronova is? Or are you just trolling? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronova
@@Antonio_Zamora
ruclips.net/p/PLHSoxioQtwZfY2ISsNBzJ-aOZ3APVS8br
ruclips.net/video/Wo3k9p2gYzE/видео.html
There was more then 1 a second one hit Greenland to
Events like this are hard to wrap your head around. The absolute destruction behind a catastrophe like this. If there were survivors, which there had to be, they would say it was biblical.
*Let the Sunshine in...*
Thank you Antonio. Wonder how are reaches of ice sheet at the time determined, specially around Saginaw Bay. Wouldn't moraines in that area be completely obliterated and if there are some, could those be created after the impact during the Younger Dryas?
I have always argued that ground zero of an extraterrestrial impact is not likely to preserve the moraines and other evidence that is used by glaciologists to deduce the extent of glacier coverage. Some experts have objected to my hypothesis about the impact on ice at Saginaw Bay 12,900 years ago, saying that there was no ice at that location then. I have a couple of videos that touch on the glaciation: Younger Dryas Impact on Ice ruclips.net/video/Q0MsB8pN1uY/видео.html and Younger Dryas Lake Agassiz ruclips.net/video/cawrBvT1MHM/видео.html
By the way, the critics ignore the elliptical geometry of the Carolina Bays and their radial alignment toward the Great Lakes.
This fascinating information which you present so well, and so scientifically, does not seem as readily accepted by the scientific community as one would logically expect it to be. The event(s) which you describe clearly occurred, and not long ago. That science does not embrace this clear and factual information, tells me that they don't want to know everything which could be learned from further study. How do you fix stupid? Why the denial of the facts? Let's rewrite the history books ASAP. Thanks, Antonio.
I have been contacting many geology teachers asking them to include the Carolina Bays in their curriculum.
@@Antonio_Zamora Thank you. Even the raising of it will obviously force a re-examination, and lead away from the lame previous explanations of wind and water.
What you are showing is suggesting to me a highly chaotic event with multiple impacts. Many incoming objects have been shown to break up shortly after hitting earths atmosphere. The resulting chaos would prevent a pinpoint definition. Stand back and look at the big picture. Something hit the earth and caused great damage all over the eastern part of the continent. The most important thing to take out of this is when.
What if calculated with comet Encke's speed of 70 km/s? Or how much damage if 2P/Encke hit square on? In all likelihood the progenitor of the Taurid Stream would swing around the inner solar system numerous times before parts of it caused the 12,900ka event and what would have man thought about this new spectacle, maybe come up with symbology of Ouroboros?
As a believer in the Scriptures, I am indebted to you for your work on this subject. Most Christians just scratch their head and are confused as to how to interpret this information or cram it into a model that demands that we all have ‘more faith’.
I see a different path. Everything about this video is evidence of the earth (not the heavens) being made ‘without form and void’. Why? because that comet/asteroid was the first worldwide judgment against the civilization prior to Adam & Eve.
Most Christians don’t have a clue about what happened before Adam & they prefer to remain ignorant. Ignorance is a form of knowledge and it has gotten them into trouble by avoiding this evidence and has made them a laughing stock of the scientific community.
This was a act of God.
Nope, your Gandalf lookin god didn't exist yet, for another 11,000 years...
The Appalachian mountains protected the bays from ice glacial drift to the gulf. Preventing erosion.
The ice cover during the Last Glacial Maximum did not cover Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The bays have been preserved because the porous ground drains rain water through underground aquifers, preventing surface erosion. The following link has a map of the ice coverage: www.geology.wisc.edu/~rabecker/GEOL%20376%20Introduction.htm
I'm sorry, but where are all the crushed rocks? If either a comet or asteroid impacted the ice sheet the shock wave should have crushed rock to a depth of a thousand feet +.
The ET impact hit the 2-km thick Laurentide ice sheet. The glacier ice boulders ejected from this impact made the Carolina Bays. Then, the ice surrounding the ET impact zone started melting and washed away the impact evidence. This is the reason why up to now no typical impact crater has been found at the convergence point of the Carolina Bays and the Nebraska rainwater basins.
@@Antonio_Zamora No sir you misunderstand. Here in Michigan, there are no moraines of fractured rock. There is no fractured rock zone beneath Huron Bay. The force of such an impact should have been transmitted threw the ice to leave a distinct crater formation. And given your theory, it should be egg shaped. Your thoughts?
@@rlbadger1698 I have proposed that the ET projectile hit the Laurentide ice sheet which was 2 km thick. Any crater would have been made in the ice, and the ice could have prevented the formation of the type of rock that you mention.
@@Antonio_Zamora I do not have the physics to compute the effect on the rock beneath the ice. Have the computations been done as the the transmission of force?
Professor Schultz has conducted experiments regarding impacts on ice. ruclips.net/video/tv3jxaZVjFM/видео.html
In the next life I'd like to be there and see it. 10000 tzar bombas is a great spectacle even if it is the last thing you see in your life)
👍
I'm pretty sure other continents experienced mass extinction at that time as well; just to a lesser extent.
If you have Google Earth, go up to the East Siberian Sea and look all around the coastline and inland. You’ll see similar shapes that look like secondary impacts similar to the Carolina Bays but to say that’s what they are... I’m not qualified. But the more you look it sure makes you wonder . You can find craters with raised rims like the C.B’s. It looks like the surface up there has been shot with an enormous shotgun blast. If those are secondary craters you can see sequential impacts in some of those lakes. Craters within craters
The lakes in Siberia and Alaska are thermokarst lakes that form like sinkholes and then fill with water. The following video describes the differences between these lakes and Carolina Bays. ruclips.net/video/E6FFX9hpWLA/видео.html
I don’t understand why this isn’t accepted as fact. There is no other logical explanation for the bays.
🐇🕳
@@tinymetaltrees Bunny poop? I'm missing something in your statement...
@@wallaroo1295 if that bunny crapped that thing I would run if I were you.
It's no wonder fossil hunters on the east coast get so many smashed up megafauna fossils !? Would have been a day to remember if you were still standing !? ps get the books, a very good read !
This makes nuclear war seem benign
You totally ignored the impactor that struck Brirish Columbia, Canada on the Corderilla Ice sheet and its effects
Where is the crater in British Columbia that you are talking about? All the evidence points to volcanism as a cause of the rapid melting of the Cordilleran ice sheet. ruclips.net/video/pLoIdZlYnpc/видео.html
Not a comet, a recuring micronova as the solar system passes through the Galactic Current Sheet every 12.5k years.
It is nice that you talk about Comet impact...
but you should not mix thing up
12,800 years... Earth (among others planets) was hit by a Comet...TAIL... IT WAS NOT THE COMET ITSELF
The Carolina bay was hit by the same Comet TAIL but around 37-41,000 years ago
What do you refer to when you say "the Carolina bay"? The LIDAR imaging has proven there are over one million of them. How are your dates for the prior impact derived? Where did it strike and how did you identify the locus?
So far from my research it broke up and became the taurids and comet encke
Younger Dryas wasn't caused by a Comet.... It was caused by our Star, The Sun !
Can you say Recurring (every 12,000 years) MicroNova ?
*PS: Our 12,000 years is up any day now !*
Most people don't know what a micronova is, and they don't have any proof that the Earth has been affected by one. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronova
Meyghan, Iran... Google Earth.
Geologists are strange people. When they look at the hundreds of horizontal layers on top of each other they say that there is no single proof for a recurring disaster. But the tiny iridium layer somewhere between the horizontal layers is the talk of the geologist town. They ignore ancient texts, like the Indian Mahabharata and the Mayan Popol Vuh, that tell us that our planet Earth is suffering from a cycle of seven natural disasters. These disasters are caused by the ninth planet in our solar system which is surrounded by a huge cloud of dust and meteorites. That is why the planet seems to be invisible. At the end of the disasters, that causes flooding all over the planet even above the highest mountain, the earth is covered with a thick layer of mud which is a mix of existing materials as sand and lime and clay and of the deposition of the dust cloud. So each layer on our planet must have depositions from the dust cloud around planet 9. And that dust cloud will be very old and contain no living organism because that dust comes from outer space. We found abundant and convincing evidence for the existence of this planet and the disasters. Ancient civilizations recorded information about this terrible natural cataclysm both in texts and in images. When you do not know about these disasters you can not determine the age of rocks. To learn much more about the cycle of recurring floods and its timeline, the recreation of civilizations and ancient high technology, read the eBook: "Planet 9 = Nibiru". You can read it on every computer, tablet or smartphone. Search: invisible nibiru 9