Square of Opposition (Part 1): Contrary
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- Опубликовано: 8 сен 2024
- This video lecture discusses the one of the important topics in the Square of Opposition, that is, contrary.
Full transcript of this video is available at: philonotes.com...
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Thanks!
PHILO-notes Team
Thanks to you, I was able to understand my logic lesson this week. 🙇♀️❤️❤️
Thank u so much it is very helpful
Explanation is in simple way of complex topic. Great work
1. Explain the basic characteristics of critical thinkers and the barriers to critical
thinking (4 pts.)
2. Write the four components of categorical proposition and explain their functions
in logical arguments (4 pts.).
3. Identify the standard- forms of categorical proposition and label each form
whether they are universal or particular based on quantity and negative or
affirmative based on quality (4 pts.).
4. Discuss the difference and similarities of modern and traditional squares of
opposition (4 pts).
5. Write the Conversion, Obversion and Contraposition of the following
propositions (4 pts.).
a. All mammals are creatures that have hair
b. No Muslims are Christians
all the best!
How does contrary differ in quality??
Do u mean quantity(in number--all & no)
What is the subcontrary of universal affirmative?
Thank you
Does the square of Opposition have any real world application? It seems to me that it is stating the obvious so I can't tell why it is taught - but presumably there is a reason to teach it that I am not aware of?
As far as I can tell, the square of opposition is about as useful as teaching people a Biology class that everyone alive will some day die. Yes it is true, but how would such a fact be of any use to a biology student? How is the square of opposition useful to a philosophy student?
hi Bob, we may not be able to directly apply the Square of Opposition to concrete social reality. of course, it's not the same with the knowledge on how to brew coffee. if you know the techniques in brewing coffee, then you can definitely brew coffee anytime you want to. Logic in general, and the Square of Opposition in particular, has something to do with how the mind works. it is cognitive in nature. the business of logic, inter alia, is to analyze arguments and determine whether they are valid or not. and the Square of Opposition is one of the topics that needs to be mastered before logicians determine the validity of arguments. in fact, if we have a strong grasp on the nature and dynamics of the Square of Opposition, the we can easily understand the 8 rules of syllogism.
the Square of Opposition can also be applied to linguistics, argumentation, psychology, and other related fields.
so, if you are looking for ideas that can be directly applied to concrete realities, then Logic (and the Square of Opposition) in particular is not the right place for you. you may go to Food Technology, Welding, Mechanics, Vulcanizing, Cooking, Dress Making, and the like.
but if you want to sharpen your mind, then study Logic. here, the Square of Opposition will be very applicable.
we hope this helps, Bob.
@@PHILOnotes Wow, thank you for your prompt reply and detailed reply. I was not expecting one to be honest as the video is over a year old.
I am studying logic during the COVID 19 lockdown.
My thinking is that logic (and presumably the square of opposition), can be applied to real life. I use logic all the time in the real world. Even recently I was using an argument from analogy to help me decide whether it was ethical to buy something that is underpriced due to the COVID-19 lockdown. I also put down all my reasons for making financial decisions in to syllogisms. Part of that is to practice deduction, but it is also useful in identifying errors in my thinking or revealing assumptions I have made.
When I say "real world application", I mean when I use logic in the real world (which I do all the time), could knowing this square of opposition potentially help me in identifying something right/wrong in my logical argument. Your response seems to indicate that it will - but I learned about it four weeks ago and have never found myself referring back to it. I have done extra study on it (which is why I was hear watching this video), so the square of opposition is at the top of my mind each day I practice logical thinking. But I could not find a use for this piece of knowledge (in terms of applying it to my logical arguments).
Is there any chance you could give an example of its use in a situation where the result would not be obvious? I mean "All grapes are fruit" obviously contradicts "Some grapes are not fruit". I am just having trouble seeing how the square of opposition can do anything other than state the obvious...
So in this case, I am the philosophy student...
Another way to look at the issue I am having: I could never imagine having a discussion with someone who is trained in logic, and finding myself saying "No, you're wrong because that is an O proposition and you gave an A proposition, which as per the square of opposition is a contradiction" and then have the person I am talking to open their mouth on horror and say "oh yea, you are right!". I mean, I can't imagine someone making such an obvious contradiction in the first place... or needing me to refer to the square of opposition to point out the flaw in their argument. Presumably the flaw would be so obvious, anyone would see it even if the did not have training in logic.
Thanks for taking the time to respond.
@@bobgraham1791 thanks too, Bob, for your honest observation.
yeah, you are right, we cannot easily argue with someone using the Square of Opposition. in the first place, we don't use the Square of Opposition when we determine whether the argument of the other is valid or not. Instead, we use the Rules of Syllogism.
as you may already know, the Square of Opposition helps us infer the truth value of a proposition based upon the truth values of other propositions with the same terms. to me, that is just the main role of the Square of Opposition. there is a statement that has a truth value, and based on that, we can infer the truth value of its opposite. so, it's more of "just knowing" the case of "A" if we have an "O" or "E".
honestly Bob, i don't see other uses of the Square of Opposition at the moment other than what I have just mentioned. however, i will return to you in case an idea pops up in my mind.
many thanks again, Bob.
keep safe and best wishes!
@@PHILOnotes No worries, your response was helpful. I learned how to evaluate syllogisms using the rules of syllogism awhile ago (about a month) and started practicing. Overtime I forgot about the rules and have just rediscovered them. I was essentially making assessments on the validity of an argument by drawing venn diagrams - and all my arguments were similar so I was not getting much practice thinking about distribution.
I was intuitively applying some of the rules (drawing Venn diagrams) because I had repeated their use over and over. But I had forgotten their were rules or that there was more than just drawing Venn diagrams.
Hard to explain. Anyway, thanks for reminding me to review those rules.
@@bobgraham1791 same experience here, Bob. By mastering the rules of syllogism and the venn diagram, i am able to argue intuitively. Just like a habit, i can easily argue logically even without referring back to the rules.
Thank you. ❤ Keep doing
Very informative and understandable couse.
Thanks heaps, Ignou. We will be uploading more videos in Logic soon. All the best!
4. Discuss the difference and similarities of modern and traditional squares of
opposition ?
all the best then!
thank you !!
You're welcome, Joshua. Cheers!
Bless you for posting these
thank you, mate!
I love it wow❤
This helped me a lot!
Glad to hear it helped! :)
Great job mam
Many thanks, Karthikraja. Best wishes!
Really helpful for me...
Thanks, Jamiebelle, for the positive feedback. Best wishes!
What if both premises are, for example, universal affirmative, under which square of opposition does it fall under?
There is no opposition if both of them are university affirmative, darling. There is no square of opposition for that. At the end of it all, you only have "A" because A-A is just A.
thanks for saving my ass, because im so fucked up in logic
No worries, Vincent. All the best!
Ang sakit mo sa ulo, philosophy!!!
hmmmm...
wtf
ty!