6:18 Worth making something very clear here: the program (call it D, the “deciding program”) that decides whether a given program (call it P, the “problem program”) will terminate for input data I is taking both P and I as input data. In other words, a program is input data to another program! This is a key point about the nature of the Turing machine, and also of all our electronic digital computers: programs and data are both represented using the same set of symbols that can be stored in the memory of the machine. The only difference between the two is, a stream of symbols becomes a “program” only because you point the CPU at the start of that stream and say “run this as a program”.
I love these documentaries. I think a journey down the mini- and super mini-computer history would be interesting. I cut my teeth on those in the late 80's. Also, programming languages.
Never forget the reason why Alan Turing passed away. He could have kept making breakthroughs in computer science. But he was prosecuted for "homosexual acts". He accepted "hormone treatment" to avoid going to prison, and eventually took his own life with Cyanide. Every time someone praises Alan Turing for his achievements, don't forget what was done to him. Thank you for shining a light on his achievements Forrest.
@@aj.arunkumar Actually for saying that earth wasn't the center of the universe. He was defending the heliocentric model developed by Copernicus about a century earlier.
i still feel a bit ashamed that my government did that to him. he saved god knows how many millions and thats how our nation pays him back? despicable.
Turing also published a groundbreaking paper in an entirely different field, namely biology. He was considering the issue of how the amorphous mass of cells making up a fertilized embryo can suddenly decide that this is its “front” and this is its “back” and that is “the left side” and that is “the right side”.
0:14 Also worth watching, if you like the dramatization approach, is a BBC TV movie about Turing from 1996, called _Breaking The Code_ . This was based on a stage play from 1986.
First of all turing learned from what has happened before him, second the video cover shows him as this big hero where in fact he was little ... you know what.
5:20 That “which implies” part has not actually been proven. It’s called the “Church-Turing thesis”, and the mathematical term for it is a “conjecture”. It seems to be true, as far as we can tell, in all the examples so far, but, as for the general case, we can’t be sure either way.
I see Walter Isaacson's innovators there, is there where you get the idea to make a video about alan turing and can we expect more videos like these on computer science pioneers?
You absolutely can. I have a long list of videos like this, going over CS accomplishments and pioneers. I absolutely love making these videos, so yea! Many more to come
"Theorized the FIRST Computer EVER" From the american point of view. In Germany Konrad Zuse presented his first working computer, the Z3, in 1941. I am therefore sure Mr. Zuses ideas predate Mr. Turings paper. Since this happened during the war and the Nazis were not especially smart, they didn't understand the potential of Zuses machine.
My understanding is that, while the Z3 was in theory Turing complete (i.e. given infinite memory and infinite time, it could be used as a general-purpose machine), it was in practice unworkable as a general-purpose machine. I don't think there's any reason to believe that Zuse had intended to build a general-purpose machine. If he had, surely he would have designed it to be a workable one. However, I don't think I'd say Turing theorised the first computer either. I think Charles Babbage's analytical engine was a design for a computer (although never built) from around 100 years earlier.
if you renamed this video you shouldn't have im not even sure i'm watching the right video showen in your linux history video titled "how torings 1936 paper changed the course of history"
7:51 Church and his student Kleene did some interesting work with the λ-calculus. For example, they showed how mathematical paradoxes (like Russell’s paradox) could be represented by expressions that could be manipulated logically without the whole world collapsing about your ears. Mathematicians go to great lengths to try to ensure that their theories are free of paradoxes. But I think λ-calculus shows how you can tame the paradox and not be afraid of it.
The core of this particular one of Turing's achievements that became a legacy for computer science was formalizing the notion of an algorithm; Turing machines _are_ algorithms, and the notion of a _computer_ is the _universal_ Turing machine, these are also _algorithms_ that can basically run any other algorithm given its description and input In a sense, computers such as we know them are hardware implementations of something like UTMs, just like chips that encode and decode video are hardware implementations of the particular algorithms they implement UTMs can also simulate the operation of other UTMs given their description (and input), which is what makes the notion of emulators start to feel natural and not like black magic; this is something that blew my mind to squishy bits onto the walls and ceiling when I learned it
The other part of this which blew my mind was the notion that the physical existence of a computer is, at least from the point of view of theoretical computer science, a mere implementation detail; a CPU and memory and the circuits that put them together are, in a sense, just the physical implementation of a particular "assembly interpreter". A programming language with its computing model is just a legitimate a "computer", again, from this theoretical point of view.
Even the way we think about C is fairly abstract. The C computing model we usually imagine is something like a physical PDP-11, but we don't get to touch on the complexities that modern CPUs (or even your OS) do behind the scenes. We can at best sometimes nudge at some CPU details to indirectly cause the computer to act the way we want. I mean stuff like memory alignment, and optimizing for cache locality, for instance, but even branch prediction and whatnot. We don't really get to touch that directly, I think. So even C has an abstract computing model between itself and the lower implementation details that we're not even aware of. Yet we still see it as a fairly reasonable approximation of dealing directly with the machine.
My great great uncle in Germany was the first he was the flying guy the first one he broke his neck at 40. My father was under Germany it's very interesting and I've always been an electronics. Very interesting. 😊
![DDG & G Herbo - Nosey [Official Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/I9Ra0Zc2NlQ/mqdefault.jpg)
This new style is really dope. I've been watching you for years and this is a really nice progression. Please keep doing more of these
A perfect tribute video for Alan Turing ,Thank you for not placing a sponsor to this video like Brilliant.
alan turing a WW2 hero his contributions to computer science changed the world
Wow, I love this new style. Great editing 🔥
6:18 Worth making something very clear here: the program (call it D, the “deciding program”) that decides whether a given program (call it P, the “problem program”) will terminate for input data I is taking both P and I as input data. In other words, a program is input data to another program!
This is a key point about the nature of the Turing machine, and also of all our electronic digital computers: programs and data are both represented using the same set of symbols that can be stored in the memory of the machine. The only difference between the two is, a stream of symbols becomes a “program” only because you point the CPU at the start of that stream and say “run this as a program”.
Alan Turing, Nikola Tesla, Ada lovelace, Thomas Edison, Charles Babbage, Issac Newton, Einstein and Michael Faraday.
My hero's 🥰😍
Remove edison, he isn't supposed to be there
".. Sometimes it's the people that no one imagines anything of, can do the things that no one can imagine."
I love these documentaries. I think a journey down the mini- and super mini-computer history would be interesting. I cut my teeth on those in the late 80's. Also, programming languages.
I love the new video format! Awesome production
Glad you like it!
Never forget the reason why Alan Turing passed away. He could have kept making breakthroughs in computer science. But he was prosecuted for "homosexual acts". He accepted "hormone treatment" to avoid going to prison, and eventually took his own life with Cyanide.
Every time someone praises Alan Turing for his achievements, don't forget what was done to him.
Thank you for shining a light on his achievements Forrest.
So fucked up they did him like that. He should have been celebrated as a modern hero. Not persecuted for liking men.
A few years ago the queen "pardoned" him. This was like adding insult to the injury! Pardoned for what? For being gay?
@@aj.arunkumar Actually for saying that earth wasn't the center of the universe. He was defending the heliocentric model developed by Copernicus about a century earlier.
@@aj.arunkumar the earth has been known to be round since ancient greece
i still feel a bit ashamed that my government did that to him. he saved god knows how many millions and thats how our nation pays him back? despicable.
Turing also published a groundbreaking paper in an entirely different field, namely biology. He was considering the issue of how the amorphous mass of cells making up a fertilized embryo can suddenly decide that this is its “front” and this is its “back” and that is “the left side” and that is “the right side”.
0:14 Also worth watching, if you like the dramatization approach, is a BBC TV movie about Turing from 1996, called _Breaking The Code_ . This was based on a stage play from 1986.
Everyone is pretty right! You are doing a really pleasant transition. Keep it up!
Looking forward to more of these "RUclips essay" style videos! :D
Paper tape was a thing. It had holes punched in it to represent letters and numbers.
Yeah, but Turing’s tape was erasable.
awesome mate, just hop into the channel and im loving it, thanks for the content
First of all turing learned from what has happened before him, second the video cover shows him as this big hero where in fact he was little ... you know what.
The photo at 1.00 is of his office at Bletchley Park Hut 8
You should make a video about the most important genius of the past century, the last great mathematician John von Neumann.
A video about Konrad Zuse and his Z machines would be interesting!
5:20 That “which implies” part has not actually been proven. It’s called the “Church-Turing thesis”, and the mathematical term for it is a “conjecture”. It seems to be true, as far as we can tell, in all the examples so far, but, as for the general case, we can’t be sure either way.
These are the best. Love the history.
Didnt the 3 Polish guys crack enigma?
They did, the Turing's team only improved technology.
One book I recommend on this is Turing's Vision by Chris Bernhardt
I'll have to check it out
I see Walter Isaacson's innovators there, is there where you get the idea to make a video about alan turing and can we expect more videos like these on computer science pioneers?
You absolutely can. I have a long list of videos like this, going over CS accomplishments and pioneers. I absolutely love making these videos, so yea! Many more to come
@@fknight man more power to you can't wait for more!!
loving the historical videos!
loved this video, please do more of this!
The image on the thumbnail is incredible.. Where do you found it???
Absolutely fabulous video.
Ayyy! Banger video! Need more like this
4:06 Gödel’s name sounds more like “guh-del” then “goo-del”.
Wasn't the first theoretical computer designed by Charles Babbage?
Great content, thank you!
Beautiful video. Thank you!
Can someone tell me where to find that thumbnail, its soo cool
Legit learned about him in my class last semester. Do Claude Shannon if you can too.
Quite literally have him queued up for a multi-part series!
I just took a test about T.M., and I left the paper white
Quite amazing.
That I could never understand despite having Master degree of Computer Science. LOL
Interesting 🤔
"Theorized the FIRST Computer EVER"
From the american point of view.
In Germany Konrad Zuse presented his first working computer, the Z3, in 1941. I am therefore sure Mr. Zuses ideas predate Mr. Turings paper. Since this happened during the war and the Nazis were not especially smart, they didn't understand the potential of Zuses machine.
My understanding is that, while the Z3 was in theory Turing complete (i.e. given infinite memory and infinite time, it could be used as a general-purpose machine), it was in practice unworkable as a general-purpose machine. I don't think there's any reason to believe that Zuse had intended to build a general-purpose machine. If he had, surely he would have designed it to be a workable one.
However, I don't think I'd say Turing theorised the first computer either. I think Charles Babbage's analytical engine was a design for a computer (although never built) from around 100 years earlier.
Really nice👍
What's the movie title?
I like the content, but the quickly shifting background makes it very hard to concentrate on the content
He was a maligned hero betrayed by his nation.
Nice vid, but please do not use "jumping" background under text, it is very disturbing...
Did you mean to say "THIS 1936 Paper by Alan Turing Theorised the FIRST Computer EVER". Turing did not build a computer, ever.
This is why I hate the British what they did to turing was unforgivable
he was also gay! unfortunately that led to him being chemically castrated
Unfortunatly people were
Jerks back then too and destroyed a genius because of their prejudice. Turing should have been treated as the hero he was.
statistics
if you renamed this video you shouldn't have im not even sure i'm watching the right video showen in your linux history video titled "how torings 1936 paper changed the course of history"
You arent very bright if you think the very first computer didnt exist already. I am so glad to have been educated before the internet was live.
So funny to hear this as a german
Wow😍 I would love to see more videos about the history of CS and the brilliant ideas those early scientists!
7:51 Church and his student Kleene did some interesting work with the λ-calculus. For example, they showed how mathematical paradoxes (like Russell’s paradox) could be represented by expressions that could be manipulated logically without the whole world collapsing about your ears.
Mathematicians go to great lengths to try to ensure that their theories are free of paradoxes. But I think λ-calculus shows how you can tame the paradox and not be afraid of it.
The core of this particular one of Turing's achievements that became a legacy for computer science was formalizing the notion of an algorithm; Turing machines _are_ algorithms, and the notion of a _computer_ is the _universal_ Turing machine, these are also _algorithms_ that can basically run any other algorithm given its description and input
In a sense, computers such as we know them are hardware implementations of something like UTMs, just like chips that encode and decode video are hardware implementations of the particular algorithms they implement
UTMs can also simulate the operation of other UTMs given their description (and input), which is what makes the notion of emulators start to feel natural and not like black magic; this is something that blew my mind to squishy bits onto the walls and ceiling when I learned it
The other part of this which blew my mind was the notion that the physical existence of a computer is, at least from the point of view of theoretical computer science, a mere implementation detail; a CPU and memory and the circuits that put them together are, in a sense, just the physical implementation of a particular "assembly interpreter". A programming language with its computing model is just a legitimate a "computer", again, from this theoretical point of view.
Even the way we think about C is fairly abstract. The C computing model we usually imagine is something like a physical PDP-11, but we don't get to touch on the complexities that modern CPUs (or even your OS) do behind the scenes. We can at best sometimes nudge at some CPU details to indirectly cause the computer to act the way we want. I mean stuff like memory alignment, and optimizing for cache locality, for instance, but even branch prediction and whatnot. We don't really get to touch that directly, I think. So even C has an abstract computing model between itself and the lower implementation details that we're not even aware of. Yet we still see it as a fairly reasonable approximation of dealing directly with the machine.
My great great uncle in Germany was the first he was the flying guy the first one he broke his neck at 40. My father was under Germany it's very interesting and I've always been an electronics. Very interesting. 😊
Don't make wrong information for dirty utube money😮
Gödel, Escher, Bach moment?!
Cool vid broh
Fun fact: Turing did mayor work to beat the Germans in the second world war.
8:35 Thank you for using the word "plethora". For me, it means a lot.
Great video 👌