well, your impact on society after taking the decision of sharing videos about your knowledge is an important asset. Thank you very much for your brief and clear explanation of Fourier analysis. I have watched all videos from this playlist and founded decent as an electronics engineer from Turkey. Thank you again, Mr. Brunton
Minor comment about the integral : if j=k, then the exponential in the integral is equal to one, therefore the integral is equal to 2pi. Then we don't have to deal with limits.
This has been really helpful for my understanding of quantum mechanics. Professors always pretend to intuit that the easiest solutions to the hamiltonian are the complex periodic basis functions. Then when they say that they form a complete and orthogonal set of basis functions for all solutions I have a really hard time believing it. Breaking down that the Fourier series was invented as an eigenfunction/Hilbert space solution to PDEs on purpose really helps me digest that the basis is complete by grounding me in the fact that it is just a Fourier representation of any potential answer. Seeing you go through the proofs that quantum courses always go through, but in a more general sense for complex Fourier representations, really helps me understand that these aren’t magical properties of quantum mechanics that someone came up with by analyzing schrodinger’s equation, but rather intuitive properties of the mathematical tools that we are using to understand quantum phenomena.
I like this video series a lot. Very energetic and enthousiastic style of presenting! One thing i want to mention is that this only proves the orthogonality part, it does not show that the psi-functions form a basis.
Thanks to this video, I realize that the concept of "orthogonality" is one of the most beautiful concept of physics ! I see one corner in the room where I'm located and it's the same thing as the vibration of my guitar that I can see below the corner ! It's incredible that, thanks to the maths, we can proove that there is a relationship, a link, an harmony between these 2 things : A room and a guitar. And this is the orthogonality !
g(x) are the basis functions that we are projecting onto. So g_k = e^ikx and the complex conjugate is the e^(-ikx). The integral is determining the coefficients (this is the same as doing a change of basis in linear algebra but with continuous functions)
Instead of using limits or series expansions you could just say that the integral is given by that expression when j != k and by int[e^(i*0x)dx]=int(1dx) from -pi to pi when j=k.
To be precise the proof that if f(x) is real then for all n, C_n=Č_-n depends on the fact that f(x) is real iff it is equal to its complex conjugate. So you just need to take the complex conjugate of the Fourier expansion of f(x) and equal it to the Fourier expansion itself. Since the functions e^inx are linearly independent one obtains C_n=Č_-n for all n.
In Greek, ψ is pronounced as 'ps-ee' :) It's as if you would concatenate, - Only the consonant (ps) part of 'lapse' with the, - the first vowel of 'city'
Are these infinite orthogonal functions "pointing" in different directions in frequency space? And is there a comparable way of describing the directions in physical space in terms of a single function, the way e^ikx does?
it's a good view... thx for it. but how can i proof that there isn't any direction got missed out to form any function?. how can i know that all the direction i need to make a function is inside ψk of -∞ to ∞?
No, sir; by proving that a set of functions are mutually orthogonal in [-pi,pi], you do not prove that they form a basis of the square integrable functions on [-pi,pi]. And the proof is trivial: just drop some of the functions in a true basis (in fact the set of all psi[k] form one, but that's not the point), then you have a set of orthogonal functions unable to express the dropped ones. What I mean is that orthogonality alone is not enough to form a basis of a Hilbert space; you have to prove completitude (or density of the linear combinations, if you prefer). Ok, I see that the issue has been commented before. But still my counterexample could be of use ...
The only thing I still need to figure out is: is the Professor actually writing in reverse behind a glass blackboard or is he just being video-captured normally and then flipped horizontally?
Looking at old videos ou can see he writes with his left hand and has right-parted hair. Here he is writing with his right hand and has left-parted hair, so it's pretty safe to say the video has been flipped. You would only have to write backwards on one of these if you were doing it live, but that'd be a pain lmao.
What do you use to justify that a countably infinite collection of mutually orthogonal functions on the right kind of function space (which you show) actually spans and is hence a basis of that function space (which you claim)? Thanks.
That example is the space of infinite sequences of real numbers, where you can construct an infinite set of linearly independent orthonormal elements which don't span.
,,,, so the f is the function we are trying to approximate, what the heck is the g(X) ? it doesnt seem to be defined anywhere ( other than graph few vidoes back maybe ) still not clear of its purpose
I am sorry, can anyone point me to the explanation of why we are summing from k=-inf? It seems like a bottleneck for me now, the rest and everything that follows I understand.
ruclips.net/video/4cfctnaHyFM/видео.html in the video. When j == k ...Would it not be valid and simple to reason the following? The value (j-k) is 0. Value e to the power (i * 0 * x) is ... e to the power (0) is ... 1. The integral is just integrating the value (1). This is an alternative to L'Hôpital's rule and Taylor series.
![Fourier Series [Matlab]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/PP5ox7evg7o/mqdefault.jpg)
![Fourier Series [Matlab]](/img/tr.png)
well, your impact on society after taking the decision of sharing videos about your knowledge is an important asset. Thank you very much for your brief and clear explanation of Fourier analysis. I have watched all videos from this playlist and founded decent as an electronics engineer from Turkey. Thank you again, Mr. Brunton
Minor comment about the integral : if j=k, then the exponential in the integral is equal to one, therefore the integral is equal to 2pi. Then we don't have to deal with limits.
Isn't the issue the division by zero in the denominator of the normalization factor?
@@_chip He said in the integral, in the previous step, before the integration.
Where is the indetermination then? Why l'hospital rule?
@@TheRandalf90 if you plug j=k prior to evaluating the integral, there's no indetermination
Thank you! I was really gonna go crazy trying to reason why it's justified to use the limits or L'Hopital's rule and wasn't making any sense lol.
This has been really helpful for my understanding of quantum mechanics. Professors always pretend to intuit that the easiest solutions to the hamiltonian are the complex periodic basis functions. Then when they say that they form a complete and orthogonal set of basis functions for all solutions I have a really hard time believing it. Breaking down that the Fourier series was invented as an eigenfunction/Hilbert space solution to PDEs on purpose really helps me digest that the basis is complete by grounding me in the fact that it is just a Fourier representation of any potential answer. Seeing you go through the proofs that quantum courses always go through, but in a more general sense for complex Fourier representations, really helps me understand that these aren’t magical properties of quantum mechanics that someone came up with by analyzing schrodinger’s equation, but rather intuitive properties of the mathematical tools that we are using to understand quantum phenomena.
I like how you are using geometric figures to keep us grounded in the explanations.
I like this video series a lot. Very energetic and enthousiastic style of presenting! One thing i want to mention is that this only proves the orthogonality part, it does not show that the psi-functions form a basis.
Thanks to this video, I realize that the concept of "orthogonality" is one of the most beautiful concept of physics !
I see one corner in the room where I'm located and it's the same thing as the vibration of my guitar that I can see below the corner !
It's incredible that, thanks to the maths, we can proove that there is a relationship, a link, an harmony between these 2 things : A room and a guitar.
And this is the orthogonality !
Explanation and derivation of the concepts are so clear! Thanks for uploading the course :)
g(x) are the basis functions that we are projecting onto. So g_k = e^ikx and the complex conjugate is the e^(-ikx). The integral is determining the coefficients (this is the same as doing a change of basis in linear algebra but with continuous functions)
Steve Bruton explains so well. He deserves a statue!!!
Such a cool explanation.
Very clear explanation ! that any function f(x) can be represented as projections on an infinite basis , given by e^(ikx)
first time, really seeing a geometrical basis (no pun intended) explanation of Fourier series ... really well done and clear!
Thank you for these lectures Prof. Brunton.
Isn't that c_k should equals to $\frac{}{2\pi}$? Or the equation won't stand...
Please upload a video on the convergence of Fourier series, especially piece-wise continuity and Dirichlet conditions.
everything that u explaind just made me so clear...like some story :)...no questions left
Great video! There is a minor issue @11:00: c_k should be 1/(2pi)* instead of
why 1/2pi in the first place
@@leopardus4712 It normalizes the projection by the square of the norm of the basis.
8:10 You don't need L'Hopitals rule.
When the exponent is zero, you are integrating a constant.
Integrate[Exp[0], {x, -Pi, Pi}] = 2 Pi
Instead of using limits or series expansions you could just say that the integral is given by that expression when j != k and by int[e^(i*0x)dx]=int(1dx) from -pi to pi when j=k.
To be precise the proof that if f(x) is real then for all n, C_n=Č_-n depends on the fact that f(x) is real iff it is equal to its complex conjugate. So you just need to take the complex conjugate of the Fourier expansion of f(x) and equal it to the Fourier expansion itself. Since the functions e^inx are linearly independent one obtains C_n=Č_-n for all n.
Amazing, a mechanical engineer but with a deep knowledge of Advanced Mathematics
He's got a math major and probably turned to mech for fluid dynamics in his PhD. Def not a mechanical engineer.
In Greek, ψ is pronounced as 'ps-ee' :)
It's as if you would concatenate,
- Only the consonant (ps) part of 'lapse'
with the,
- the first vowel of 'city'
Are these infinite orthogonal functions "pointing" in different directions in frequency space? And is there a comparable way of describing the directions in physical space in terms of a single function, the way e^ikx does?
what is the relationship between C_k and the amplitude and phase of the k'th wave?
Is it me or y'all find This playlist super exciting.
it's a good view... thx for it. but how can i proof that there isn't any direction got missed out to form any function?. how can i know that all the direction i need to make a function is inside ψk of -∞ to ∞?
@10:35 why is there a 1/2pi outside ?
No, sir; by proving that a set of functions are mutually orthogonal in [-pi,pi], you do not prove that they form a basis of the square integrable functions on [-pi,pi]. And the proof is trivial: just drop some of the functions in a true basis (in fact the set of all psi[k] form one, but that's not the point), then you have a set of orthogonal functions unable to express the dropped ones.
What I mean is that orthogonality alone is not enough to form a basis of a Hilbert space; you have to prove completitude (or density of the linear combinations, if you prefer).
Ok, I see that the issue has been commented before. But still my counterexample could be of use ...
The only thing I still need to figure out is: is the Professor actually writing in reverse behind a glass blackboard or is he just being video-captured normally and then flipped horizontally?
The latter.
Looking at old videos ou can see he writes with his left hand and has right-parted hair. Here he is writing with his right hand and has left-parted hair, so it's pretty safe to say the video has been flipped. You would only have to write backwards on one of these if you were doing it live, but that'd be a pain lmao.
What do you use to justify that a countably infinite collection of mutually orthogonal functions on the right kind of function space (which you show) actually spans and is hence a basis of that function space (which you claim)? Thanks.
@Mohamed Abdulla Saalim No, see for instance Example 2 here: www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~kesmith/infinite.pdf
That example is the space of infinite sequences of real numbers, where you can construct an infinite set of linearly independent orthonormal elements which don't span.
powerful !
,,,, so the f is the function we are trying to approximate, what the heck is the g(X) ? it doesnt seem to be defined anywhere ( other than graph few vidoes back maybe ) still not clear of its purpose
so.. why the complex conjugate of the phi j vector..
These videos are so wonderful and useful!
cool
Should have proved it’s complete to show that Fourier basis is indeed a basis?
made my day ❤️
I am sorry, can anyone point me to the explanation of why we are summing from k=-inf? It seems like a bottleneck for me now, the rest and everything that follows I understand.
i feeingl like i wann learn everything just from you,....lol
👍🏼
9:19
I've lost my way from 09:56 ...😭😭😭😭😭
ruclips.net/video/4cfctnaHyFM/видео.html in the video. When j == k ...Would it not be valid and simple to reason the following? The value (j-k) is 0. Value e to the power (i * 0 * x) is ... e to the power (0) is ... 1. The integral is just integrating the value (1). This is an alternative to L'Hôpital's rule and Taylor series.
yo that seems way faster, dont see why it wouldn't yield the same piecewise
But on this step we already integrated, so if there is no x we just have 0.
so that's how you're supposed to say L'Hopital ...
If someone ever tells you , you are a bad RUclipsr plz tell me. Im willing to got to war to defend you