Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring the video. Go to curiositystream.com/DanDavis and enter the promo code ‘DanDavis’ for 25% off an annual plan. And thank you very much for watching.
Please give your theory on why the coastline is 140km away today from the ruins of Ur which was on the shoreline, people have said its from sediment that has washed down the rivers but 140km of new land cannot be sediment surely.
Hi. I left a comment on one of your very early videos about 3 weeks ago. It was on the Koryos and their culture. You go into detail that strikes me as unknowable in that video. I know you are a fiction writer, but I thought these videos were supposed to be more fact based. It left me very confused on how to receive the videos you place on this channel. I want to keep watching, but have hesitated since then, as I find this so confusing. Can you please explain whether the videos on your channel should be taken as fiction or what?
wall were first errected to divert traffic into a funnell for exactly whats been said tolls then defenses are added ancient glasgow is perfect pucture no walls but buildibf cnstructed to funnle traffic through the toll booths the adoinging building facing out wardws ment a wall protection came 2nd money 1st
not just to controll your cities population but those coming in and to influence them think wall martbetc when your in its not obe way out and tp get out theres many turns
Those clay bullets were still somewhat in use when I was deployed to Iraq in 2008. I was stationed in a Theater Internment Facility providing medical care to Iraqi detainees. They would sometimes mix their tea with sand, make it into a ball, and leave it out in the sun to bake. Most of the time, they used them to lob messages back and forth between separate compounds, but they did occasionally use them as weapons, throwing them at us from time to time.
@@DanDavisHistory they were quite inventive. They were able to come up with some rather impressive ways to improvise weapons, and their levels of violence easily outstripped anything found in American prisons.
I like how the story of David and Goliath is considered the ultimate story of defeating the odds, but no matter how big Goliath was a stone from a sling to the head was a killing blow. Literally a weapon of warfare
Real winner of that story is Goliath, was just a normal name. Now it means someone who is big and strong and good at fighting. That it takes having god on your side to beat him
if you're wearing a helmet a hit from a sling wouldn't be necessarily fatal and the passage more shows how saul was unfit to rule as he should've fought the duel himself instead of electing a champion to fight on his behest
@@platypipope328 It isn't clear it was fatal. Maybe just disabling long enough for David to approach? Read literally David kills Goliath twice, once with the slingstone and once with his own sword. Also, a King fighting an enemy champion is daft, you pick your own Champion, which is what Saul did. Him being unfit for this decision in particular is an extremely subjective religious perspective at best.
@@platypipope328 a lead sling bullet has been found to pierce bronze helmets rather reliably. Evidenced in both testimg and material culture finds. Slings are deadly.
@@Psychol-Snooper Yeah, I have a dictionary. You can't just claim the definition of a word is whatever you want it to. You are responding to the word "underrated" in the comments. Dictionaries exist, you should try using one, troll.
@@jeremiasrobinson You responded to my sincere request for clarification with a comment that was both illiterate and smug. When I reply mirroring your rudeness back at you... I'm a troll. Why don't you look up the psychological definition of "defection" to see a mirror of your behavior. 🙃
About the capes with armor plating, this would be rather cumbersome but the added defensive bonuses (especially for skirmishers) for troops using hit and run tactics to not catch a sling stone to the back on the way out of range was huge. Japanese samurai wore a similar device that would catch air as the fled and inflate like a balloon, stopping arrows in the void created by the rush of air.
Halfway through I realized this video was 50 minutes long; it felt like 5! You really make these artifacts come alive and tell such rich but easy to follow stories!
So glad we have someone covering these incredibly important but much less well known periods. These very early civilizations are endlessly fascinating.
experts on ancient combat and weaponry made extensive research into the equipment and fighting style of the retiarius. they found that the net was not very useful at all against a skilled armed fighter. it was there more for the style that the retiarius had to uphold (like all the other types of gladiators who all had their style which included elements that we of no practical use) if net was used by the Sumerians and Akkadians, it was most likely to hunt unarmed civilians who were to become slaves. after all you don't want to damage the merchandise :)
It's not even my birthday but it sure as hell feels like it. Ancient Mesopotamia is where my interest lies the most. I love history but esecially these times all the way up to the Bronze Age Collapse are so incredibely interesting! Thanks for these amazing documentaries!
Very good content packed into a storyline that's condensed enough to avoid bogging down in mind numbing academic minutiae, but with the right amount for a decent understanding. The flow or cadence of the narrative is superb which makes Dan's videos so enjoyable to hear and learn.
I personally feel that it's likely that the Steele of Vultures is depicting an actual formation. Firstly throughout history whenever artists are depicting Phalanx/Spear Wall like formations they tend to do it in this way, by having loads of overlapping spears, we see this both in purely artistic depictions and in military manuals and that's probably just because it's a simple way to depict that formation. Secondly a spear wall type formation is just a really simple and easy formation to come up with while also being incredibly effective, there's a reason why this formation has been independently invented and reinvented several times throughout history, it's easy to train soldiers to be effective in this formation and it's easy to come up with. It's just sorta the natural thing to do if you have a bunch of dudes with spears and shields to think "what if we lined them all up with their spears pointing towards the enemy and the shields overlapping", even children playing with wooden weapons tend to come up with this idea as well even though they have little exposure to history. It might not have been anything as advanced as say the Phalanx, which was a much more complex formation than just having dudes with spears line up. But it seems highly likely that the Sumerians had probably invented some basic military formations like a spear wall if they had been conducting warfare on any kind of scale. It's basically unheard of for armies to fight completely uncoordinated if they have any significant experience or come from any kind of organized state. On the other hand I think it is going too far to conclude that they had standardized equipment based on the similarity in this Steele. That seems more like artistic shorthand to me plus it probably looked more impressive to have them all be fairly well equipped. It's just significantly easier to depict a bunch of completely identical dudes rather than giving them all individual gear, plus the artist very likely did not see the battle for themselves and were just told what happened and thus probably didn't know what the soldiers were actually wearing. They were probably just told something along the lines of "this many spearmen were present" and just drew that. Again looking at other historical depictions of battles it's rare that artists actually depict the gear accurately, often it's depicted as fairly identical even in battles where we know for a fact the armies didn't have standardized equipment such as on the Bayeux Tapestry, where both sides seem to be wearing roughly the same gear with only a few differences in colors and weapons. In general in historical depictions of battles they only displayed differences in equipment when it mattered to them, such as showing the banner or emblem of a specific lord/king, so in medieval depictions of battles you can often see a lot of banners because the monk drawing it wanted us to know who was there but they all wear basically the same armor. This is mostly just because artists were rarely present for the battles they were depicting and so just depicted whatever they thought a soldier looked like, you can usually glean some general info about equipment from this such as which weapons were the most common (in this case spears but in the Bayeux Tapestry there's a lot of swords) and what the armor of that period generally looked like, this Steele clearly shows helmets in a very specific pointed shape so that was probably a common design for helmets in this period because these are things the artist probably did know. The shape of the shield also seems notable, it seems really square which is a rare shape for shields to have, the only other square shields we really know of are the Roman scutum. Essentially when trying to glean information from artistic depictions of warfare you have to consider what exactly the artist might have known, if you know anything about modern warfare you'd know just how inaccurately movies and games portray that, but like some details from them are correct such as tanks existing and their general shape, the same would have been the case for historic art about warfare. There are general biases that tend to stay true throughout history such as a tendency to always depict everyone as wearing the best and most impressive armor and having the best gear, that's a bias that holds true to this day with how games and movies love to focus on hyper advanced weapons and special ops soldiers. Also as a sidenote those helmets were probably almost definitely bronze because leather armor isn't really a thing. It's probably a case of either the soldiers wore bronze helmets or they wore a woolen cap.
"leather armor isn't really a thing" this is a common misconception based on the fact that archaeological artifacts of leather armor don't often preserve into the modern day. Many fencing manuals mention armor of boiled leather being used as a cheap alternative to more proper options, specifically gauntlets/arm bracers. Chances are that nobody was running around in a cuirass of leather but there are also examples of "coat of plates" style armor with the plates riveted onto the underside of the armor that might have appeared as such to a contemporary observer. I do agree though that the helmets worn were more likely bronze than leather. I don't really see even boiled leather serving much good for head protection on it's own.
Been studying this part of history & even it's mythology a ton lately, in preparation for my next episode. This is yet another sync encountered in my research. skål 💪🏽🐻
Hope you do a video on the Assyrians. Their towering lamassu, depictions of mutilated foes in their art, alongside the gorgeous lion hunt scenes and even depictions of siege crafts. Incredibly evocative, awe inspiring stuff.
Thank you so much for your hard work, Dan. Your videos are especially relevant for the quotes you give from ancient texts, like this one 0:13 "From the city of Nipur an inscription on the pedestal of a statue erected by Sargon, says the following, 'Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land, governor of Enlil, he defeated the city of Uruk and tore down its walls. In the battle of Uruk he won, took Lugal Zaghezy, king of Uruk, in the course of the battle and led him in a collar to the gate of Enlil.'"
I am almost speechless. This is so wonderful, thank you! So clear, so well presented, so based in primary sources but up to date with historiography. Truly, what a pleasure.
I saw the Stele of the Vultures a few days ago at the Louvre. It's absolutely phenomenal. Highly recommend a trip to Paris just for the Mesopotamian section alone
hahahah I had a talk with one of my best friend in Denmark today. For the first time in years. And I mentioned him Fall of Civilization. Which I love. I listen to multiple times, especially the Sumerian age. Like Holy crap, those kind of people build the Pyramids? He had never heard of it. So he mentioned Dan Davis to me, which absolutely love listening to. I never heard of him. So here I am. And I started subscribing 10 second into the first episode I am watching. Re-watching. As I zoned out in my games a little too much the first listen. But it was so good, I had to listen to it again. We know each other too well, because we both love history, science, facts, philosophy. To think. So now I am writing my new article. And I am so going to mention this.
This FAKE history was exposed by Joseph Halevy("The Problem with the Sumerians") in the 19th Century. You cannot use the bible to substantiate history. Just because they removed Egypt from Africa, manufacture fake Babylonian tablets (another Piltdown man) and come up with the "Dead Sea Scrolls", you cannot change the fact that their are Pyramids in Central and South America, when the whole of Europe thought the world was flat in 1492AD. As a result, we can logically deduce that the Greek "Philosophers" are also Fake, using predicate logic. LOL. Good try though!
@@GuyRBrewer109 Get a f'n life. I didn't make any claims about anything at all in my comment, much less about any of the gibberish you seem to be responding to.
Only recently I found out that Sumerian was a language isolate, like Etruscan and Basque. But how did they end up there? Speculation: During the glacial maximum the Persian Gulf was mostly dry land and their ancestors lives there along the extended Euphrates River. When our current interglacial began the sea levels rose and over millenia the Sumerians moved further and further upriver to their final areas until the sea levels stabilised.
They could not move further upriver due to people already there, mostly Semitic speakers. They didn't go to the surrounding hills and mountains since their culture had evolved to live along rivers and plains.
They weren't the only language isolate in the region. The Elamites inhabited southwestern Iran from the beginning of the Uruk period until their conquest by the Achmaenid Persians in 539 BC. They spoke a language that appears to also be unrelated to any other.
I really like the theory of James C Scott that these ancient cities, because of diseases, lost population, so they required extra population to keep them going. This meant that conquering people to get slaves was required for these cities/empires to survive.
Watching videos like this always makes me wonder what they'll say about this period of time in another 5000 years. We think their weapons were primitive and useless when in reality they were probably extremely deadly in the right hands.
Dan I never got my alert bloody youtube, I can't believe you uploaded, fantastic I just love you're work the whole package, going to get my virtual headset and lie back and enjoy. Thanks Dan for sharing. 🇮🇪
I have always seen the Sumerian army depicted in stele described as a phalanx or less often as a shieldwall so it's interesting to see that such descriptions are open to interpretation. I wonder how well trained a Sumerian force would've been in combat. Considering the numerous accounts of their defeats by mountain tribes it would seem that perhaps it wasn't as well trained or motivated as a name like 'phalanx' (which tends to conjure up images of Alexander's army) would have people believe. On another note, I was lucky enough to see the Standard of Ur and the golden helmet in the British museum a few years back. Amazing artefacts. I also wonder, despite being the earliest civilization, why Sumer hasn't really penetrated the public consciousness much. I can't think of any representation of Sumer in pop culture - not in novels, comics, films, TV, or games, unless it's a passing mention - they never take centre stage. Another excellent and informative video too.
They probably sucked azz at fighting and relied on bows for all their killing power. Because their bronze melee weapons and wicker armor probably sucked so much that committing to a melee kill meant getting mortally wounded yourself. So I bet they just formed two rabbles in front each other hollered at each other while shooting arrows. And when one line falters you commit to sending in your garbage infantry armed with shanks. Coming from that precedent you can see why chariots would be effective
Well in what context where those defeats? Will future historians learning of our defeats in afghanistan and vietnam count the american military as weak? Where these defeats due to extended guerrilla warfare at the limits of their empire?
Just discovered this channel. 20 minutes in am subbed and I have two tabs open just waiting for me. Pity its a work night. I can't wait for Friday. Great channel and heart felt thanks
Man this gotta be one of your best works. The structure and pacing as we arch across millenia leading up to Sargon and the pay-off 👌👌 You do have "profesional documentary writer" on your resume besides "professional book author", right?
I really like how you analyze and interpret ancient artifacts instead of showing a bunch of re-enactments or little dots moving around a map. I hope other history channels might take a cue from you in the future.
27:40 if you have ever been in the infantry, youd know how much leadership sees themselves as big men who have total control of the battlefield taking credit for anything succesful. When in reality its the dudes in formation making things happen. Some things never change.
Please don't compare modern day infantry to ancient one. Unlike modern day infantry ancient foot men fought in high consternation formations{they can note if he was being Cowardly or weak} . The men expected their leader to fight and look epic doing it
@@MohamedRamadan-qi4hl "there is nothing new under the Sun"... saith the preacher.. Infantry still fights in formations, only this time maneuvrability and utilization of cover and concealment is used more and just as in any era, discipline, skill and courage dictates which formations break or dispose of the opposition. There are men of renown and combat prowess even in modern infantry.. some in leadership but not all as depicted here. How will we ever know the truth from propaganda. Im not sure. I dont know much about history but I know enough of my own experiences.
@@ninertactics dead wrong. in modern warfare due to the immense power of modern day fire power. Modern day infantry don't work in tightly packed formations as that would be suicide. Rather they are very spread out and the high leadership don't fight with them. That is the opposite of how it always worked basically just 300 years ago. All of your leadership were always with you on the battlefield and due to how tightly packed all of you are you can easily notice how they are doing and if they are being brave or not
@@MohamedRamadan-qi4hl like I said, infantry still uses formations , maneuvrability , cover and concealment are emphasized and used now more often, I dont know why Im repeating but here it is. It does make sense without radios then to have leaders close for command and control but a fireteam leader for example doesnt get too involved in a firefight as his main duty would be to dictate where his guys concentrate fire and security of flanks, getting too sucked in combat could spell disaster for a team. Chaos of combat and fog of war are still big factors on the ground level. If nobody takes a step back and maintain situational awareness then its usually seen as fault of bad leadership. I wonder how succesful can that be versus a force that maintains awareness. Like I said ,I can only speak of what I know of.
Love these videos. Would really enjoy one about Nuragic culture, Gigantija, Neolithic Orkney/Hebrides, etc. There's so much to cover out there but you go into such a depth that I always learn something new. Thanks for making these!
No it doesn't. You don't need armies to attack a settlement, a wall is defence against small bands of tribal raiders too. Also the wall at Jericho has been argued to be for seasonal flood defences.
You don't find evidence of conquest early in Babylon because Nimrod subjugated his own people politically. Then, began conquering other lands, including Egypt. Nimrod hunted men to build bullworks, according to the Bible and Book of Enoch.
@@DanDavisHistory i was stationed at Tikrit during the war. Zecharia Sitchin created a grave disservice to the ancient history of this beautiful country!
Based on this first example I have to rate you as one of the very best presenters of history in the RUclips universe. Thank you. Keep up the good work and the very best of luck to you.
This FAKE history was exposed by Joseph Halevy("The Problem with the Sumerians") in the 19th Century. You cannot use the bible to substantiate history. Just because they removed Egypt from Africa, manufacture fake Babylonian tablets (another Piltdown man) and come up with the "Dead Sea Scrolls", you cannot change the fact that their are Pyramids in Central and South America, when the whole of Europe thought the world was flat in 1492AD. As a result, we can logically deduce that the Greek "Philosophers" are also Fake, using predicate logic. LOL. Good try though!
Lugal-zagezi conquering everything and making an inscription about it: haha **** yeah!! This rules! Lugal-zagezi losing to one random usurper from a Northern backwater: Well this ******* sucks, wtf
I don't know. I think the excavators communicated with hobbyist slingers who tried making them and slinging them and they worked well. But who knows what techniques were actually used.
@@DanDavisHistory a lot could be answered if we knew the material the walls were made... clearly they were not stone so if it was some brittle half baked primitive clay brick behind which there was sand for example or some other loose material it would, I imagine, fairly eady to breach the initial front face of the wall and cause the sand to spill ... making a ramp and a breach at the same time. Plus if the army came out of war season it would mean that large part of population is in the fields and really home is empty of defenders making the whole endeavour much easier.
I would like to thank you for your time consuming effort to bring us a wealth of information and knowledge. All of videos are very entertaining and well delivered. So glad to found your channel. 👍👍💯❤
I was captivated by this video. Perhaps if the Near East becomes a series, a good follow-up would be the Assyria, since they formed what was likely the largest ancient professional army complete with the first cavalry units and advanced siege tactics. Or perhaps the Mitanni, who actually had a respectable empire with their armies being led by a chariot aristocracy, the Maryannu.
This FAKE history was exposed by Joseph Halevy("The Problem with the Sumerians") in the 19th Century. You cannot use the bible to substantiate history. Just because they removed Egypt from Africa, manufacture fake Babylonian tablets (another Piltdown man) and come up with the "Dead Sea Scrolls", you cannot change the fact that their are Pyramids in Central and South America, when the whole of Europe thought the world was flat in 1492AD. As a result, we can logically deduce that the Greek "Philosophers" are also Fake, using predicate logic. LOL. Good try though!
Never heard of the "single boss per shield" concept for that illustration before! But it does make sense, the number of heads match the number of bosses in the top row, and there are the same number of spears as bosses
But looking at it again... There are two hands on each spear, which does not match the boss gripped shield hypothesis very well... It could perhaps be a representation of tower shields slung across the backs of the soldiers, like we se in bronze age greek art. And that is why we cant see them in the lower picture, as they are on their backs, and we are seeing them showing of their spears and axes rather than in phalanx formation. Or maybe it is a sort of front and side flattened perspecive (similar to the one of the war wagon below where the reins are resting on piece on the side that would make sense to interpret as facing forward) and it is a combined formation of spearmen and shield bearers. One could interpret the two front heads as carrying the axes sticking out in front of the first shields. And so perhaps, the heads we see are sheildbearers at the front and the spear/pikemen reaching in between the shields. (In which case the boss theory is kind of back again, two heads and two axes sharing one rectancle with 6 spears and 6 bosses).
Thank you for this excellent history lesson.!! I often get so frustrated, even angry, at all of the world leaders who insist on continuing in war (for resources). But, then, I remember that war has gone on for millennia and, apparently, we are all just like different ant tribes who cannot get along and so fight each other in extreme violence. This video history lesson is but one of thousands of wars that has taken place on this planet, but I am grateful for the presentation of these facts.
Video suggestion= the history of freedom (or more precisely the lack thereof) in ancient society. I recently saw another RUclipsr describing most people in ancient Mesopotamia as “essentially slaves”. How much of their own lives did people in various ancient cultures control? Thanks again for the channel!
Just as a question if you live in the West: how free do you think *we* are? And how do *you* define free? Full disclosure, my definition is "no forced sinning, spiritual and social".
@@justinkennedy3004 you raise excellent points. In comparing freedom we can work at positive and negative freedom. In the west. You have the freedom to do many things. But many of those things you do not have the ability to do. for example you can experience great freedom personally as a business owner. But not everyone in America can own a business. Conversely the freedom of one is often based on the disadvantage of another.
What I love about this type of study is you can have all these digs and scriptures and evidence and still at the end of the day it’s still “as we know for now” new things can always pop up and come to light that completely contradicts original thought. It’s fascinating!
I am thinking the capes with bronze rivets would counter balance a front bronze plate. The leather would cover a large area the bronze rivets would hold the cape from flying up. It would catch a slashing sword, dampen a club blow, and slow and lessen the depth of a spear point. Good armor on the front and enough armor everywhere else.
Great video, some of my research focuses on this (recently published a paper on copper/bronze weapons from the Early Dynastic and Akkadian periods at the site of Khafajah in the Diyala region), my Phd supervisor Clemens Reichel excavated at Tell Hamoukar. You covered the topic really well! There are some fantastic Akkadian artifacts you could have discussed; the Sargon victory stele, the Naram-Sin stele, the Nasiriyah stele and others that depict Akkadian soldiers and warfare.
Thank you for letting people know about our oppressed civilization. I also photograph the effects of that civilization and publish it. My love for you from Iraq
Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring the video. Go to curiositystream.com/DanDavis and enter the promo code ‘DanDavis’ for 25% off an annual plan.
And thank you very much for watching.
Please continue with history of Mespoptamia, ideally all the way to Assyrian or NeoBabilonian period. Cheers!
Please give your theory on why the coastline is 140km away today from the ruins of Ur which was on the shoreline, people have said its from sediment that has washed down the rivers but 140km of new land cannot be sediment surely.
Hi.
I left a comment on one of your very early videos about 3 weeks ago. It was on the Koryos and their culture. You go into detail that strikes me as unknowable in that video. I know you are a fiction writer, but I thought these videos were supposed to be more fact based. It left me very confused on how to receive the videos you place on this channel. I want to keep watching, but have hesitated since then, as I find this so confusing.
Can you please explain whether the videos on your channel should be taken as fiction or what?
All the historical sources are in the video descriptions.
What's that about 28 meters a year for 5000 years? Look how much the land surface has raised over that period too. Seems plausible.
A common non-military reason to build city walls was to collect tolls.
Indeed, and for rulers to control the movement of their own city's population.
wall were first errected to divert traffic into a funnell for exactly whats been said tolls then defenses are added ancient glasgow is perfect pucture no walls but buildibf cnstructed to funnle traffic through the toll booths the adoinging building facing out wardws ment a wall protection came 2nd money 1st
a ziggarut isnt a wall
not just to controll your cities population but those coming in and to influence them think wall martbetc when your in its not obe way out and tp get out theres many turns
Those clay bullets were still somewhat in use when I was deployed to Iraq in 2008. I was stationed in a Theater Internment Facility providing medical care to Iraqi detainees.
They would sometimes mix their tea with sand, make it into a ball, and leave it out in the sun to bake. Most of the time, they used them to lob messages back and forth between separate compounds, but they did occasionally use them as weapons, throwing them at us from time to time.
That's amazing. I guess in a land without stones to throw, men will make their own.
@@DanDavisHistory they were quite inventive. They were able to come up with some rather impressive ways to improvise weapons, and their levels of violence easily outstripped anything found in American prisons.
@@engmed4400 I wonder what the next millenia entails for that specific place with so much history.
I like how the story of David and Goliath is considered the ultimate story of defeating the odds, but no matter how big Goliath was a stone from a sling to the head was a killing blow. Literally a weapon of warfare
Real winner of that story is Goliath, was just a normal name. Now it means someone who is big and strong and good at fighting. That it takes having god on your side to beat him
I know right? David might as well have had a pistol. But for some reason people take it as an amazing victory that only God could have provided.
if you're wearing a helmet a hit from a sling wouldn't be necessarily fatal and the passage more shows how saul was unfit to rule as he should've fought the duel himself instead of electing a champion to fight on his behest
@@platypipope328 It isn't clear it was fatal. Maybe just disabling long enough for David to approach? Read literally David kills Goliath twice, once with the slingstone and once with his own sword.
Also, a King fighting an enemy champion is daft, you pick your own Champion, which is what Saul did. Him being unfit for this decision in particular is an extremely subjective religious perspective at best.
@@platypipope328 a lead sling bullet has been found to pierce bronze helmets rather reliably. Evidenced in both testimg and material culture finds.
Slings are deadly.
I'm pretty sure he just goes by Carl now
I had to scroll for an annoying amount of time to find this comment.
@@highvelocitymouseassassina6646 🤔
@@highvelocitymouseassassina6646 there's some good videos in your Playlists
@Danny Anderson 😁
Chad
The idea that bullet design is at least 5000 years old is mindblowing to me
Highly underrated channel. Dan’s story telling approach to history is so refreshing.
What are it's ratings?
@@Psychol-Snooper You can see how many views and likes the videos get, if you know anything at all about how the internet works.
@@jeremiasrobinson Neither of those things is a rating, if you know anything at all about how the word rating works. 🙃
@@Psychol-Snooper Yeah, I have a dictionary. You can't just claim the definition of a word is whatever you want it to. You are responding to the word "underrated" in the comments. Dictionaries exist, you should try using one, troll.
@@jeremiasrobinson You responded to my sincere request for clarification with a comment that was both illiterate and smug. When I reply mirroring your rudeness back at you... I'm a troll.
Why don't you look up the psychological definition of "defection" to see a mirror of your behavior. 🙃
About the capes with armor plating, this would be rather cumbersome but the added defensive bonuses (especially for skirmishers) for troops using hit and run tactics to not catch a sling stone to the back on the way out of range was huge. Japanese samurai wore a similar device that would catch air as the fled and inflate like a balloon, stopping arrows in the void created by the rush of air.
Now that is a cool concept!
@@ColdHawk Its in the game Total War Shogun. :0
Halfway through I realized this video was 50 minutes long; it felt like 5! You really make these artifacts come alive and tell such rich but easy to follow stories!
N you get 3 ads every 10 min wtf🤦🏾♂️
@@jaylanw5415thats yt, not Dan.
So glad we have someone covering these incredibly important but much less well known periods.
These very early civilizations are endlessly fascinating.
It's quite amazing how little anything changed since these ancient days.
experts on ancient combat and weaponry made extensive research into the equipment and fighting style of the retiarius. they found that the net was not very useful at all against a skilled armed fighter. it was there more for the style that the retiarius had to uphold (like all the other types of gladiators who all had their style which included elements that we of no practical use)
if net was used by the Sumerians and Akkadians, it was most likely to hunt unarmed civilians who were to become slaves. after all you don't want to damage the merchandise :)
It's not even my birthday but it sure as hell feels like it.
Ancient Mesopotamia is where my interest lies the most. I love history but esecially these times all the way up to the Bronze Age Collapse are so incredibely interesting!
Thanks for these amazing documentaries!
Thank you for watching.
Thats actually sad thats only how far back human history is known. Man has been around for over 250,000 years.
They have apparently found a 400,000 year old structure in Africa
Very good content packed into a storyline that's condensed enough to avoid bogging down in mind numbing academic minutiae, but with the right amount for a decent understanding. The flow or cadence of the narrative is superb which makes Dan's videos so enjoyable to hear and learn.
Thank you.
You may have confused "narrative" with "narration".
@@casperbetz1949 give it a rest casper
I personally feel that it's likely that the Steele of Vultures is depicting an actual formation. Firstly throughout history whenever artists are depicting Phalanx/Spear Wall like formations they tend to do it in this way, by having loads of overlapping spears, we see this both in purely artistic depictions and in military manuals and that's probably just because it's a simple way to depict that formation. Secondly a spear wall type formation is just a really simple and easy formation to come up with while also being incredibly effective, there's a reason why this formation has been independently invented and reinvented several times throughout history, it's easy to train soldiers to be effective in this formation and it's easy to come up with. It's just sorta the natural thing to do if you have a bunch of dudes with spears and shields to think "what if we lined them all up with their spears pointing towards the enemy and the shields overlapping", even children playing with wooden weapons tend to come up with this idea as well even though they have little exposure to history.
It might not have been anything as advanced as say the Phalanx, which was a much more complex formation than just having dudes with spears line up. But it seems highly likely that the Sumerians had probably invented some basic military formations like a spear wall if they had been conducting warfare on any kind of scale. It's basically unheard of for armies to fight completely uncoordinated if they have any significant experience or come from any kind of organized state.
On the other hand I think it is going too far to conclude that they had standardized equipment based on the similarity in this Steele. That seems more like artistic shorthand to me plus it probably looked more impressive to have them all be fairly well equipped. It's just significantly easier to depict a bunch of completely identical dudes rather than giving them all individual gear, plus the artist very likely did not see the battle for themselves and were just told what happened and thus probably didn't know what the soldiers were actually wearing. They were probably just told something along the lines of "this many spearmen were present" and just drew that. Again looking at other historical depictions of battles it's rare that artists actually depict the gear accurately, often it's depicted as fairly identical even in battles where we know for a fact the armies didn't have standardized equipment such as on the Bayeux Tapestry, where both sides seem to be wearing roughly the same gear with only a few differences in colors and weapons. In general in historical depictions of battles they only displayed differences in equipment when it mattered to them, such as showing the banner or emblem of a specific lord/king, so in medieval depictions of battles you can often see a lot of banners because the monk drawing it wanted us to know who was there but they all wear basically the same armor. This is mostly just because artists were rarely present for the battles they were depicting and so just depicted whatever they thought a soldier looked like, you can usually glean some general info about equipment from this such as which weapons were the most common (in this case spears but in the Bayeux Tapestry there's a lot of swords) and what the armor of that period generally looked like, this Steele clearly shows helmets in a very specific pointed shape so that was probably a common design for helmets in this period because these are things the artist probably did know. The shape of the shield also seems notable, it seems really square which is a rare shape for shields to have, the only other square shields we really know of are the Roman scutum. Essentially when trying to glean information from artistic depictions of warfare you have to consider what exactly the artist might have known, if you know anything about modern warfare you'd know just how inaccurately movies and games portray that, but like some details from them are correct such as tanks existing and their general shape, the same would have been the case for historic art about warfare. There are general biases that tend to stay true throughout history such as a tendency to always depict everyone as wearing the best and most impressive armor and having the best gear, that's a bias that holds true to this day with how games and movies love to focus on hyper advanced weapons and special ops soldiers.
Also as a sidenote those helmets were probably almost definitely bronze because leather armor isn't really a thing. It's probably a case of either the soldiers wore bronze helmets or they wore a woolen cap.
"leather armor isn't really a thing" this is a common misconception based on the fact that archaeological artifacts of leather armor don't often preserve into the modern day. Many fencing manuals mention armor of boiled leather being used as a cheap alternative to more proper options, specifically gauntlets/arm bracers. Chances are that nobody was running around in a cuirass of leather but there are also examples of "coat of plates" style armor with the plates riveted onto the underside of the armor that might have appeared as such to a contemporary observer. I do agree though that the helmets worn were more likely bronze than leather. I don't really see even boiled leather serving much good for head protection on it's own.
Been studying this part of history & even it's mythology a ton lately, in preparation for my next episode. This is yet another sync encountered in my research. skål 💪🏽🐻
Nice!
@@DanDavisHistory thank you
Does consciousnesses create reality ?
is it mythology or real life
@@lastbestplace8112 real mythology based on real life
Didn't think I'd care about another Sumer / Akkad video, but you nailed it
Thanks Sean.
Nobody else puts everything together like this.
Outstanding work!
Hope you do a video on the Assyrians. Their towering lamassu, depictions of mutilated foes in their art, alongside the gorgeous lion hunt scenes and even depictions of siege crafts. Incredibly evocative, awe inspiring stuff.
do you know where I can see those depictions of mutilated foes ?
@@Dan-sw8tg ابحث عن اشور بانيبال وتغلاث فلاستر
Let out an audible "yesssss" when I saw this was out
Thank you so much for your hard work, Dan. Your videos are especially relevant for the quotes you give from ancient texts, like this one 0:13 "From the city of Nipur an inscription on the pedestal of a statue erected by Sargon, says the following, 'Sargon, king of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king of the land, governor of Enlil, he defeated the city of Uruk and tore down its walls. In the battle of Uruk he won, took Lugal Zaghezy, king of Uruk, in the course of the battle and led him in a collar to the gate of Enlil.'"
Bbbbb
WHY can’t scientist and historians just say WE DONT KNOW…but we’re working on it…
I am almost speechless. This is so wonderful, thank you! So clear, so well presented, so based in primary sources but up to date with historiography. Truly, what a pleasure.
Looking forward to this, this time in history is a favourite of mine, something about it feels very mythical.
I know what you mean.
I saw the Stele of the Vultures a few days ago at the Louvre. It's absolutely phenomenal. Highly recommend a trip to Paris just for the Mesopotamian section alone
sounds like a good trip, Pete
Dan Davis and Dan Cooper (Fall Of Civilization) are my go to when im thirsty for a historical stuff. Thanks Dan, keep up the good work!
Thanks from hearth, Dan! And oh i misspelled and ment Paul Cooper (not Dan Cooper) creator of the podcast 'Fall of Civilizations'.
hahahah I had a talk with one of my best friend in Denmark today. For the first time in years. And I mentioned him Fall of Civilization. Which I love. I listen to multiple times, especially the Sumerian age. Like Holy crap, those kind of people build the Pyramids? He had never heard of it. So he mentioned Dan Davis to me, which absolutely love listening to. I never heard of him. So here I am. And I started subscribing 10 second into the first episode I am watching. Re-watching. As I zoned out in my games a little too much the first listen. But it was so good, I had to listen to it again. We know each other too well, because we both love history, science, facts, philosophy. To think.
So now I am writing my new article. And I am so going to mention this.
Between Dan Davis, Fall of Civs, and Historymarche, I don’t think I trust a historian that isn’t British
Wow Carl Benjamin conquered Mesopotamia? Good for him.
48:07 What a beautiful image of Shemitic fighting.
I am excited about the extended geographical range of this channel's content!
This FAKE history was exposed by Joseph Halevy("The Problem with the Sumerians") in the 19th Century. You cannot use the bible to substantiate history. Just because they removed Egypt from Africa, manufacture fake Babylonian tablets (another Piltdown man) and come up with the "Dead Sea Scrolls", you cannot change the fact that their are Pyramids in Central and South America, when the whole of Europe thought the world was flat in 1492AD. As a result, we can logically deduce that the Greek "Philosophers" are also Fake, using predicate logic. LOL. Good try though!
@@GuyRBrewer109 Get a f'n life. I didn't make any claims about anything at all in my comment, much less about any of the gibberish you seem to be responding to.
Only recently I found out that Sumerian was a language isolate, like Etruscan and Basque.
But how did they end up there?
Speculation:
During the glacial maximum the Persian Gulf was mostly dry land and their ancestors lives there along the extended Euphrates River. When our current interglacial began the sea levels rose and over millenia the Sumerians moved further and further upriver to their final areas until the sea levels stabilised.
They could not move further upriver due to people already there, mostly Semitic speakers.
They didn't go to the surrounding hills and mountains since their culture had evolved to live along rivers and plains.
They weren't the only language isolate in the region. The Elamites inhabited southwestern Iran from the beginning of the Uruk period until their conquest by the Achmaenid Persians in 539 BC. They spoke a language that appears to also be unrelated to any other.
I really like the theory of James C Scott that these ancient cities, because of diseases, lost population, so they required extra population to keep them going. This meant that conquering people to get slaves was required for these cities/empires to survive.
Looking great! It’s always a good day when Dan puts out another video!
Thank you very much, I appreciate that.
Always looking forward to your take on the many aspects of Bronze Age history. As always i was not disappointed. Great work, please keep it up!
Curiosity stream need to be funded by the government. Citizens should have access to that kind of quality learning.
Bloody great video Bro!
Thank you
Thanks bro! Appreciate it. Thanks for watching.
Watching videos like this always makes me wonder what they'll say about this period of time in another 5000 years. We think their weapons were primitive and useless when in reality they were probably extremely deadly in the right hands.
They were primitive, but who has ever claimed they were useless?
Dan I never got my alert bloody youtube, I can't believe you uploaded, fantastic I just love you're work the whole package, going to get my virtual headset and lie back and enjoy. Thanks Dan for sharing. 🇮🇪
Thanks Sean hope you enjoyed it.
I have always seen the Sumerian army depicted in stele described as a phalanx or less often as a shieldwall so it's interesting to see that such descriptions are open to interpretation. I wonder how well trained a Sumerian force would've been in combat. Considering the numerous accounts of their defeats by mountain tribes it would seem that perhaps it wasn't as well trained or motivated as a name like 'phalanx' (which tends to conjure up images of Alexander's army) would have people believe. On another note, I was lucky enough to see the Standard of Ur and the golden helmet in the British museum a few years back. Amazing artefacts.
I also wonder, despite being the earliest civilization, why Sumer hasn't really penetrated the public consciousness much. I can't think of any representation of Sumer in pop culture - not in novels, comics, films, TV, or games, unless it's a passing mention - they never take centre stage.
Another excellent and informative video too.
Alexander and «the persians» actually fought for the same idea.
Sumer is too ancient and they have no famous monuments that still stand to this very day
They probably sucked azz at fighting and relied on bows for all their killing power. Because their bronze melee weapons and wicker armor probably sucked so much that committing to a melee kill meant getting mortally wounded yourself. So I bet they just formed two rabbles in front each other hollered at each other while shooting arrows. And when one line falters you commit to sending in your garbage infantry armed with shanks. Coming from that precedent you can see why chariots would be effective
Well in what context where those defeats? Will future historians learning of our defeats in afghanistan and vietnam count the american military as weak?
Where these defeats due to extended guerrilla warfare at the limits of their empire?
@@georgethompson1460 Great point.
Just discovered this channel. 20 minutes in am subbed and I have two tabs open just waiting for me. Pity its a work night. I can't wait for Friday. Great channel and heart felt thanks
Hello, welcome to the channel. Thanks for watching, I hope you enjoy the other videos too.
Man this gotta be one of your best works. The structure and pacing as we arch across millenia leading up to Sargon and the pay-off 👌👌
You do have "profesional documentary writer" on your resume besides "professional book author", right?
Thank you very much indeed, I really appreciate it.
Almost an hour long! Will have to wait until tonight.
I agree with you that the Uruk expansion was violent that is generally credited...
worth noting that wet clay is also much much heavier than dry clay, hence packs a harder punch
I really like how you analyze and interpret ancient artifacts instead of showing a bunch of re-enactments or little dots moving around a map. I hope other history channels might take a cue from you in the future.
27:40 if you have ever been in the infantry, youd know how much leadership sees themselves as big men who have total control of the battlefield taking credit for anything succesful.
When in reality its the dudes in formation making things happen. Some things never change.
Please don't compare modern day infantry to ancient one. Unlike modern day infantry ancient foot men fought in high consternation formations{they can note if he was being Cowardly or weak} . The men expected their leader to fight and look epic doing it
@@MohamedRamadan-qi4hl "there is nothing new under the Sun"... saith the preacher..
Infantry still fights in formations, only this time maneuvrability and utilization of cover and concealment is used more and just as in any era, discipline, skill and courage dictates which formations break or dispose of the opposition.
There are men of renown and combat prowess even in modern infantry.. some in leadership but not all as depicted here.
How will we ever know the truth from propaganda. Im not sure. I dont know much about history but I know enough of my own experiences.
@@ninertactics dead wrong. in modern warfare due to the immense power of modern day fire power. Modern day infantry don't work in tightly packed formations as that would be suicide. Rather they are very spread out and the high leadership don't fight with them. That is the opposite of how it always worked basically just 300 years ago. All of your leadership were always with you on the battlefield and due to how tightly packed all of you are you can easily notice how they are doing and if they are being brave or not
@@MohamedRamadan-qi4hl like I said, infantry still uses formations , maneuvrability , cover and concealment are emphasized and used now more often, I dont know why Im repeating but here it is.
It does make sense without radios then to have leaders close for command and control but a fireteam leader for example doesnt get too involved in a firefight as his main duty would be to dictate where his guys concentrate fire and security of flanks, getting too sucked in combat could spell disaster for a team. Chaos of combat and fog of war are still big factors on the ground level. If nobody takes a step back and maintain situational awareness then its usually seen as fault of bad leadership. I wonder how succesful can that be versus a force that maintains awareness.
Like I said ,I can only speak of what I know of.
The ancient Sumer is so fascinating! I hope you do more videos about them. Your format is amazing!
I love Sargon's videos
Based
Love these videos. Would really enjoy one about Nuragic culture, Gigantija, Neolithic Orkney/Hebrides, etc. There's so much to cover out there but you go into such a depth that I always learn something new. Thanks for making these!
The Standard ofUr is in the British Museum, seeing the real thing is quite spectacular.
One of my favourite periods in history. I’ve always loved RTS games such as Age Of Empires and Game of War. These people lived it
Age of Empires was my jam growing up
The fact that Jericho had walls built to protect from attack implies armies go back long before Sumerians
No it doesn't. You don't need armies to attack a settlement, a wall is defence against small bands of tribal raiders too. Also the wall at Jericho has been argued to be for seasonal flood defences.
This is one of the best history channels on the site, definitely my favorite
Thank you so much 🙏
I just got Irving finkel's "the first ghosts" book and now Dan uploads about Mesopotamian warfare.
I think shamash is trying tell me something....
I think Shamash is trying to tell you something - put on your sunscreen!
You don't find evidence of conquest early in Babylon because Nimrod subjugated his own people politically. Then, began conquering other lands, including Egypt. Nimrod hunted men to build bullworks, according to the Bible and Book of Enoch.
Truly great.
I didn't think you would talk about mesopotamia.
I am glad you did.
Cheers.
@@DanDavisHistory
Yes, indeed.
Loved the reference to Kenneth Clark at 9:14
Excellent!!!!
Thanks Marty, glad you liked it.
@@DanDavisHistory i was stationed at Tikrit during the war. Zecharia Sitchin created a grave disservice to the ancient history of this beautiful country!
at long last, finally a channel with real world historical accounts. thank you
Based on this first example I have to rate you as one of the very best presenters of history in the RUclips universe. Thank you. Keep up the good work and the very best of luck to you.
Appreciate it, thank you.
YES!!!! Finally, the topic has been done justice. Thank you!
I've already watched this one but, I've decided to watch your videos in chronological order
For the most part this seems to be an overlooked topic. Great choice and well done as usual.
This FAKE history was exposed by Joseph Halevy("The Problem with the Sumerians") in the 19th Century. You cannot use the bible to substantiate history. Just because they removed Egypt from Africa, manufacture fake Babylonian tablets (another Piltdown man) and come up with the "Dead Sea Scrolls", you cannot change the fact that their are Pyramids in Central and South America, when the whole of Europe thought the world was flat in 1492AD. As a result, we can logically deduce that the Greek "Philosophers" are also Fake, using predicate logic. LOL. Good try though!
Lugal-zagezi conquering everything and making an inscription about it: haha **** yeah!! This rules!
Lugal-zagezi losing to one random usurper from a Northern backwater: Well this ******* sucks, wtf
Can i reload to an earlier save
New Dan Davis video?
Yessss!
It's about one of my favorite topics in history?
Yessss !!!
I can't get enough of your lectures. Keep up the great work!
5,400 is a lot of Royal Guards. Excellent video. Thanks!
Not a great strategic decision to use the people that grow your food as foot soldiers.
these 10cm clay "bullets" could have been shot like todays olympic competition called hammers. Do you think it is possible these 2 are related?
I don't know. I think the excavators communicated with hobbyist slingers who tried making them and slinging them and they worked well. But who knows what techniques were actually used.
@@DanDavisHistory a lot could be answered if we knew the material the walls were made... clearly they were not stone so if it was some brittle half baked primitive clay brick behind which there was sand for example or some other loose material it would, I imagine, fairly eady to breach the initial front face of the wall and cause the sand to spill ... making a ramp and a breach at the same time.
Plus if the army came out of war season it would mean that large part of population is in the fields and really home is empty of defenders making the whole endeavour much easier.
That was my first thought as well.
It's always a good day when Dan Davis History uploads new content 🤘😍🤘
I would like to thank you for your time consuming effort to bring us a wealth of information and knowledge. All of videos are very entertaining and well delivered. So glad to found your channel. 👍👍💯❤
Ah yes, I’ve been patiently waiting for you next video, I can’t wait to watch!
I was captivated by this video. Perhaps if the Near East becomes a series, a good follow-up would be the Assyria, since they formed what was likely the largest ancient professional army complete with the first cavalry units and advanced siege tactics. Or perhaps the Mitanni, who actually had a respectable empire with their armies being led by a chariot aristocracy, the Maryannu.
This FAKE history was exposed by Joseph Halevy("The Problem with the Sumerians") in the 19th Century. You cannot use the bible to substantiate history. Just because they removed Egypt from Africa, manufacture fake Babylonian tablets (another Piltdown man) and come up with the "Dead Sea Scrolls", you cannot change the fact that their are Pyramids in Central and South America, when the whole of Europe thought the world was flat in 1492AD. As a result, we can logically deduce that the Greek "Philosophers" are also Fake, using predicate logic. LOL. Good try though!
The “First” armies… when are they going to give it up seriously
Thank you! Excellent. If you narrate this, your voice is also excellent, very engaging with authority.
You forgot to explain that the siege towers had a large ram blade thing used to break the wall down
These ancient civilizations are fascinating to me. The people were smart and learned through experience.
Dan, you did it again. Amazing. Thank you.
Never heard of the "single boss per shield" concept for that illustration before!
But it does make sense, the number of heads match the number of bosses in the top row, and there are the same number of spears as bosses
But looking at it again... There are two hands on each spear, which does not match the boss gripped shield hypothesis very well...
It could perhaps be a representation of tower shields slung across the backs of the soldiers, like we se in bronze age greek art. And that is why we cant see them in the lower picture, as they are on their backs, and we are seeing them showing of their spears and axes rather than in phalanx formation.
Or maybe it is a sort of front and side flattened perspecive (similar to the one of the war wagon below where the reins are resting on piece on the side that would make sense to interpret as facing forward) and it is a combined formation of spearmen and shield bearers. One could interpret the two front heads as carrying the axes sticking out in front of the first shields. And so perhaps, the heads we see are sheildbearers at the front and the spear/pikemen reaching in between the shields. (In which case the boss theory is kind of back again, two heads and two axes sharing one rectancle with 6 spears and 6 bosses).
Thank you for this excellent history lesson.!!
I often get so frustrated, even angry, at all of the world leaders who insist on continuing in war (for resources).
But, then, I remember that war has gone on for millennia and, apparently, we are all just like different ant tribes who cannot get along and so fight each other in extreme violence.
This video history lesson is but one of thousands of wars that has taken place on this planet, but I am grateful for the presentation of these facts.
Video suggestion= the history of freedom (or more precisely the lack thereof) in ancient society. I recently saw another RUclipsr describing most people in ancient Mesopotamia as “essentially slaves”. How much of their own lives did people in various ancient cultures control? Thanks again for the channel!
Just as a question if you live in the West: how free do you think *we* are? And how do *you* define free?
Full disclosure, my definition is "no forced sinning, spiritual and social".
@@justinkennedy3004 you raise excellent points. In comparing freedom we can work at positive and negative freedom. In the west. You have the freedom to do many things. But many of those things you do not have the ability to do. for example you can experience great freedom personally as a business owner. But not everyone in America can own a business. Conversely the freedom of one is often based on the disadvantage of another.
What I love about this type of study is you can have all these digs and scriptures and evidence and still at the end of the day it’s still “as we know for now” new things can always pop up and come to light that completely contradicts original thought. It’s fascinating!
Excellent work man. I have learned so much from your channel.
Incredible video, brother
Thank you so much for your work
How tf did I miss an hour long video from Mr Davis?!? Love your novels, looking forward to the video!
What if the cloaks served to keep the soldiers bronze armor from getting too hot in the Mesopotamian sun?
I am thinking the capes with bronze rivets would counter balance a front bronze plate. The leather would cover a large area the bronze rivets would hold the cape from flying up. It would catch a slashing sword, dampen a club blow, and slow and lessen the depth of a spear point. Good armor on the front and enough armor everywhere else.
How you gonna keep them
Down on the farm
After they've seen Uruk?
Dan your videos are great! Thanks you for creating such informative and interesting content.
Thank you.
Awesome video Dan Davis! Really enjoying it so far, 13 minutes in!
This video is some serious quality stuff. Congrats!
Great video, some of my research focuses on this (recently published a paper on copper/bronze weapons from the Early Dynastic and Akkadian periods at the site of Khafajah in the Diyala region), my Phd supervisor Clemens Reichel excavated at Tell Hamoukar. You covered the topic really well! There are some fantastic Akkadian artifacts you could have discussed; the Sargon victory stele, the Naram-Sin stele, the Nasiriyah stele and others that depict Akkadian soldiers and warfare.
Also the FACT that they were black😉😉
@@EduardoGarcia-if2kv oh God please don't
@@EduardoGarcia-if2kv They absolutely weren't lmao
I love the Sumerians!! Awesome video!!!
Great narration and content. Really enjoyed this. Rare subject wonderfully done.
This is amazing Dan, thank you for your work!
It's a shame the location of akkad hasn't been found
Awesome video!!!
Thank you for letting people know about our oppressed civilization. I also photograph the effects of that civilization and publish it. My love for you from Iraq
Outstanding work, as always.
Thank you.
Have you considered uploading these longform videos in podcast form to platforms like spotify? Would love to be able to listen to this on the go
Superb documentary, many thanks.