Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA structure
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- Опубликовано: 1 окт 2024
- Nucleic acids DNA and RNA structure
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Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of monomers, which are nucleotides made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a simple ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules. They are found in abundance in all living things, where they function to create and encode and then store information in the nucleus of every living cell of every life-form organism on Earth. In turn, they function to transmit and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus-to the interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living organism. The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence, which provides the 'ladder-step' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA.
Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form helical backbones-typically, one for RNA, two for DNA-and assembled into chains of base-pairs selected from the five primary, or canonical, nucleobases, which are: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil; note, thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA. Using amino acids and the process known as protein synthesis,[3] the specific sequencing in DNA of these nucleobase-pairs enables storing and transmitting coded instructions as genes. In RNA, base-pair sequencing provides for manufacturing new proteins that determine the frames and parts and most chemical processes of all life forms.
One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior (See: Genetics). Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules,[26][27] and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide
Watch Again : • Nucleic acids - DNA an...
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SUBTOPICS
1)Nucleic acids- bio polymers are made up chains of monomers
2)Two functions of nucleic acids: hold genetic information and perform variety of other functions
3)Two types of Nucleic acid: DNA and RNA
4)DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
5)RNA: Ribonucleic acid
6)Proteins are biopolymers and are made up of amino acids
7)Nucleic acids are also biopolymers which are made up of nucleotides
8)3 parts of the Nucleotide
1-Phosphate group
2-sugar
3-Nitrogenous base
9)5 Carbon sugars is called Pentose
10)6 Carbon sugars is called a hexose
11)Deoxyribose (DNA) is more stable than Ribose (RNA)
12)Two main types of Pentoses:
1-deoxyribose
2-ribose
13)ATP=Adenosine-Tri-Phosphate
14)The phosphate group is a polar molecule which contains highly ionises oxygen atoms.
15)Nitrogenous base: molecules that contain nitrogen and act as an base
16)Nitrogenous base contains: Carbon(C),Hydrogen(H),Oxygen(O) and Nitrogen(N)
17)Nitrogen combines with all of these atoms to form ring structures
1*Pyrimidines
-single ring
-3 types: Thymine, Cytosine and uracil
-smaller than Purines
2*Purines
-Double rings
-2 types: Adenine and Guanine
-Larger than Pyrimidines
18)Many nucleotides bind to each other to form a chain of nucleotides called polynucleotides
19)The long chain of nucleotides consists of a sugar phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases
20)Glycocidic bonds are covalent bonds which link carbohydrates with other structures
21)Ester bonds is charecterised by a carbon bound to 3 other atoms
1*single bond to carbon bond
2*single bond to oxygen bond
3*double bond to oxygen
22)THE COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING RULE: only Adenine forms a hydrogen bond with Thymine and only Guanine forms a hydrogen bond with Cytosine
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Love the video but I'm curious, what could have happened if instead of hydrogen bonds joining the strands of DNA the bonds were covalent bonds? I know something like this doesn't exist but I hope you guys answer! :)
I expect that the transcription will not happen because the covalent bond is more stronger than hydrogen bond (in our body but in chemistry it’s opposite)
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