The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
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- Опубликовано: 7 фев 2025
- Welcome to our open access course on Quantum Mechanics!
Quantum Mechanics for the Working Professional
Episode 01 : The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
Copyright 2021, Pasayten Institute (CC BY-SA 4.0)
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Description:
The main idea of this section is that the quantum state of a system amounts to a probability distribution over all possible observations of that system.
In this module we will review:
1. Particle spin and magnetic dipole moments
2. Particle spin as a two-level system
3. Measurement in quantum mechanics
4. The quantum state as a probability distribution
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CC BY-SA 4.0 details:
creativecommon...
Simple and beautiful. I wish I had come across this a long time ago. Grateful.
Thank you so much! Please do let us know if you'd like to see anything specific in the future!
Sooo neat! Thanks for sharing this interesting and inspiring content!
Keep up the great work mate!
Thanks!! New videos are in the pipe!
Thanks!
The book "A First Course on Modular Forms" on the shelf impressed me. Then I saw that "A Course in Arithmetic" by J. P. Serre is also on the shelf and I know this guy is the real deal. That isn't grade school arithmetic; it covers topics like p-adic fields and quadratic forms over such fields.
Ha! It’s a fun introduction to the subject for sure. For more details check out our more informal, SeanForScience RUclips channel. :)
@@PasaytenInstitute Whoa, it looks like you're writing some stuff on Frenkel-Lepowsky-Meurman? I was just at a conference in honor of Frenkel last month where I understood very little but am motivated to learn about monstrous moonshine. Finding your writing is very serendipitous.
Why isn’t it possible that the magnet is interacting with the electrons and changing their angular momentum
17:56
Excellent presentation! Up and Down with respect to what?
Thanks! That's a good question. In one sense, it doesn't matter, it's simple a matter of convention that "up" get's a + sign and "down" get's a minus sign. In another sense, it's meant to align with the analogy of the magnetic field in a small loop of current. If the current goes counterclockwise in the x-y plane, the magnetic field will be "up" in the z-direction, assuming a the usual "right hand rule".
what is acthually mean by spin
many thx... that was helpful
Of course! Glad it was helpful!
But where is that forest?
how do i build a stern gerlach apparatus .... i need proper engineering specifications for the geometry and strength of the magnets and ideas on how to generate single electron emmisions
Hey! Two comments. First, the good news is you don't have to have a lot of precise specs because this is a qualitative kind of experiment. Experimental physics involves a lot of fine tuning anyway. The magnet was as big as can be, yes, but importantly it have a sharp edge, so that magnetic field changed rapidly in space. That's the key thing. Also you don't want to generate single particles. You'd need to have a beam of them so you can see the beam itself split. (otherwise they'd be too hard to measure) Nevertheless is does really help to have a laboratory setting. Second, what's nice about silver atoms as opposed to electrons is that they're electrically neutral. There's a fun article by Dudley Herschbach in the back of an old physics today about replicating the original experiment and the nuances involved. I'm pretty sure he's got a copy linked on his website. Just google "stern gerlach cigar". :)
Doing the experiment rn with PHYWE equipment. www.phywe-es.com/index.php/fuseaction/download/lrn_file/versuchsanleitungen/p2511101/p2511101e.pdf
This was all primarily a math analogy that fit what they saw, so spin is not spinning. Modern scientists think math can dictate cause to them, but what they really have is an accurate analogy that probably has NOTHING to do with what actually causes it. Everything is like that. Angular momentum is presented to cause the gyroscopic effect, but angular momentum is fake and came from the math, THINK, it follows a right-hand rule with no mechanism to it, and this is in your face physics of a toy. "The wheels on the bus go round and round." This song describes everything you see a bus do exactly like math, but it is not an understanding of a bus. Wheels going round are incidental, NOT causal. The variables in gravity math are incidental, NOT causal, and gravity is clue 1. Math will NOT dictate cause to you, but they all think it will. Relativity says that if you change YOUR speed, then the entire Universe changes shape along that axis instantly JUST FOR YOU, because that's what the math says. This is just goofy. Dimensions 1 and 2 don't really exist outside of math, and the 4th dimension is the same. People need to start questioning what they were taught.
Transform equations change your numbers to make constant-light-relative-to-the-observer true on your paper, but the Doppler effect happens BEFORE you change the numbers. That can't be good. A transform is based on a number between 0 and 1 that changes length, mass, and time numbers. There is nothing real about it.
It's interesting that the speed of light which is a SPEED (change in distance over change in time) is a fundamental constant in relativity that's used to define time itself... (seems a bit paradoxical doesn't it). Of course relativity has 'invariants', which are variables that don't change when switching reference frames (they are same for all observers). There exists a 'proper time' invariant... Also what's really interesting is examples you're given, like Einsteins train thought experiment. Of course you don't see two lightning bolts at the same time from the train, you're running away from one and going towards other, but that doesn't mean they didn't happen at the same time... For you to experience one, then the other, they MUST happen at the same time and then the light starts spreading, otherwise the observer that's stationary and equidistant from both lightning strikes wouldn't see them at the same time if they didn't happen at the same time. So Newton wasn't wrong, and Einstein isn't wrong, it's just two different ways of looking at it. Ofc if you move close to speed of light you're gonna appear contracted, the light from your ship has no time to reach the stationary observer.
@@SealedKiller Relativity starts with a "declaration" not an observation. Constant per observer is declared then CREATED by changing dimensions (theoretical, fake) to make it happen ON PAPER. This leaves a NON-transformed reality behind ignored that does not disappear because you transformed your numbers. I want to see velocity addition experiments redone. Everything I've read has massive assumptions made first. All Gamma Ray bursts arrive here in order of wavelength, and if that were known in the year 1900, Relativity would not be here now. Acceleration is absolute and all observers agree. This would make it the opposite of Relativity, and it would be my bet on truth.
Way to skip over the forces involved and go straight into statistical equations. Nothing clarifies fundamental principles like pages of statistical equations. On the surface, it would appear silver atoms are moved by the force required to align the spin's magnetic-moment with the external magnetic-field? Since a silver atom already aligned would experience no force and thus no deflection, spin-alignment can't explain it? So, what is the force?
The force is just the gradient of the potential energy, that's why the SG experiment has the sharply pointed magnet, to generated a magnetic field with a high gradient. The point is that particles cannot perceive any sort of geometric angle between their spin/magnetic moment and that of the SG magnet beyond 0 and 180 degrees. Like. that is the highest resolution of any angle that is physically allowed. In particular the "already aligned" case would be at 90 degrees, is not physically allowed, which is why the beam splits.
Is there a connections between civil engineered trusses and atomic structures?
This video shows a natural quantized effect using a version Euler’s Contain Column Theory?
This video of an engineering test models the quantum physics problem called “Particle in a Box”. The wave function is used to predict the location of quantum particles, atomic structure and molecules.
ruclips.net/video/wrBsqiE0vG4/видео.htmlsi=J5jCMxq3pRe_P-gG
Very stable trusses and truss core panels have been fabricated using the process shown in the video.
The video shows how materials naturally respond to induced stresses in a “quantized“ manor.
The process’s load/deflection’s sawtooth curve with its exponential fit in the engineering study shows the previously unknown bifurcation between quantum jumps.
The effect has been used to make light weight structures and shock mitigating/recoiled reduction systems and earthquakes isolation systems.
The model shows why with the, exponential load increase and loss of resistance at phase change, quantum jumps are so very fast.