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I love words like this where the Arabic article is fossilised into the word. :)

I think it did, yes! I may or may not have forgotten the moment I sat down to record... Thanks for watching, though - hope you enjoyed in spite of my little slip-up! :)

What resources are you using for Etruscan? Just curious. You don’t see much about it.

I've referenced a paper in the description, but otherwise I was just picking up bits and pieces from the web. The channel "ILoveLanguages" has a vid on it which I watched, too. Collates lots of vocab and gives a reading of this text, though they use a different translation. There was also another paper I scanned, but I didn't save it unfortunately, so not sure I can help on that. :)

It is pronounced /a'u/ in Canada still. Not an Anglicism - just that the older disyllabism is retained more frequently there. :)

@@LexisLang Is the reason that final consonants get dropped because they end up being quiet without being the start of their own syllable? I realized that it's actually very hard to sound out a consonant without its own vowel. Even the word "realized" in English has a mini Shwa at the end when spoken.

Well, it's not Italic - it's an isolate (or possibly related to other pre-IE European languages), hence why it's so different, but it is very interesting to see. It is such a shame that so little is left. :)

It's one I don't know enough about, but is fascinating from what I have seen! And researching this video was hopefully a great stepping stone towards knowing more! :D

How about Proto-Basque?

Actually, you should do one on Nivkh, and maybe some other isolated/unclassified languages

Thank you! Glad you enjoyed! :)

Thank you! I'm happy to hear that! :D

Sounds like the same kind of polysemy as you get with "egg" or "stone" in many other languages. :)

Glad you enjoyed regardless! :D

Oddly enough, it actually doesn't I thought the leave section was an umlauted form of loaf, but nope It's from Latin Specifically through French it was levayn in Middle English (probably pronounced luh-VINE as French loans weren't as anglicised yet) Got that from Old French levain Which inherited it from levāmen in western dialects of Vulgar Latin, being a noun forming men suffix attached to the verb levo meaning to raise. Which is also the root of levitation, distantly) Noun forms because leaven was a noun first, and a verb later even though that's the most common use of it today

Well, there you have it! :)

It doesn't have any Maori reflexes, no. It does survive in a few Oceanic languages and a lot outside of that group though. :)

It survives in many Philippine languages, usually in the form 'tao' or something similar. The Yami people of Taiwan's Orchid Island call themselves the Tao and their native name for their language is 'ciriciring no Tao', literally "speech of the people". The Toraja, an ethnic group on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, also preserve this root in their name, "to riaja" meaning "people of the upland".

@@EllieK_814 Thanks to both of you! that was informing

So it's quite cobbled together from all over, but my main sources are: Biggs, B. (1978). The history of Polynesian phonology. Otsuka, Y. (2005). History of Polynesian languages. Ross, M., Pawley, A. and Osmond, M. (1998). The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic: Material culture. Blust, R., Trussel, S. The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (Web edition) One or two sound changes I've also put together myself based on shifts I was seeing, but couldn't find in the literature. Hope that helps! :D

Modern Maori "wh" is usually labiodental, not bilabial, as shown in the video. :)

@@LexisLang amongst many younger speakers yes. but the official pronunciation remains ɸ. some speakers also substitute w for f but that is neither here nor there.

Thank you, I'm glad to hear that. I like making them! :D

Is it characteristic of s certain region, or is it countywide, would you say? :)

@@LexisLang I think it happens with most people, but not everyone. It’s not really a regional thing but more of a social class thing (I think). It’s also more common in younger people, so for example, my parents don’t do it, but I do

From what I understand, the evolution of Portuguese is quite interesting - I'm sure it's more involved than you suggest! :)

Because who needs different initial consonants, right? :D

Cool that you can see cognates of the other words here. "Daj mi" is very similar to Italian "dammi". :)

@@LexisLang for real, same goes with apple, dome (I guess?)

As I say in the video, yes. Out of interest, why is that unsurprising to you? :)

@@LexisLang bc naming them Solar and Lunar consonants gives people the fake impression of holiness in the language and it strikes fear into someone like me who has no knowledge of this language. But at the end of the day, if people observe the language carefully, there’s always good old science behind to explain the phenomena. You should check out Korean. Consonant assimilations are insane in that language

I believe that's a spelling pronunciation. I'm not sure if any dialects preserve it from ME - if be interested to know! :)

Ah, my apologies! I'll be sure to title it 1243 words next time. Perhaps then I won't get a fourth identical comment! :D

It's undergone a lot of phonological reduction since Latin, but I wouldn't call it simplification - just try pronouncing words like "arbre"! And even if it were to be simplification, that's not necessarily a bad thing. It would certainly make up for it in other areas! :)

@@LexisLang 😇

Oh, I adore it. It has all the charm of the Austronesian family, but with loads of unique quirks. Finding the cognates with other languages is fun, too. :)

@@LexisLang yes!!!!!! it's so unique

Honestly, I'm not sure I've even done it justice. I was trying to simplify it for the video, so it's slightly twisted. But yeah, the languages of the Amazon are kind of nuts. So cool! :)

While that obviously contains "de", the "où" is unrelated to "donde", instead coming from Latin "ubi". Interestingly, "d'où" is cognate with Italian "dove", which has undergone the same shift shown in this video! :)

Another great example of a cognate! :)

Sorbian and Serbian are not the same language. :)

@@LexisLang I know. I was being cheeky in reference to Croatian

Of course, they don't come from PIE, but rather are both separately derived from Latin. Out of interest, what area of Sweden are you from, if you don't mind me asking? :)

@@LexisLang I'm from Dalarna/Dalecarlia, about an hour away from where Elfdalian is spoken. An hour away in the opposite direction the dialect is pretty plain/close to standard Swedish, and I'm sort of in the middle. Loads of old traits though, when it comes to grammar and pronunciation. Sometimes closer to Norwegian even. But only old people speak the dialect properly, so it's gonna die out in a couple of generations.😢

Yep! Both are used though. Thanks for watching! :)

@@LexisLang That's right. And thanks for explaining the exact phonetics! Another interesting one, related to Août, is the city of Autun which comes from Augustodunum

:D

Went to the comments immediately after seeing it lol

Others have said the same, yeah. I knew there was some variation, but it seems I should perhaps have rewritten that bit to conform to the standard. Some speakers say it without, though. Thanks for watching! :)

@@LexisLang no worries

Yeah, thanks for the feedback. I read and listened to a few sources making this and it does seem to vary. I went with the more reduced one - partly for effect and partly because it seems perhaps the more regular form. But I do appreciate that note. :)

​@@LexisLang No problem, it's always good to learn :)

@@LexisLang I pronounce it as just /u/ because I speak Canadian French. The final /t/ is now predominantly sounded in France, but mostly silent elsewhere. The disyllabic pronunciations are dated in Europe, but remain common variants in North America. (Paste from Wiktionary) Some other pronunciations are: /u/, /ut/, /a.u/, /a.ut/ (According to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012)

My grandma said /u/ and Colette Renard /a.'u/

From what I understand, it varies. I think in France, the most common pronunciation is with the T, as you say, but not all speakers say it (except in liaison) and without the T is I think more common in some other countries. I've deliberately chosen the most reduced form here, but other pronunciations are definitely used. :)

yes, in france the pronunciation is /ut/, but in most other parts of the world it's /u/, (go to my reply on mixrockbonnie's comment for more details if you want.)

I'm not sure what that means, sorry. Care to explain? :)

I'm so glad to hear I've been able to help you with something you wanted to know! It's a very interesting topic and one I don't think is much covered elsewhere on the internet. Thank you for watching! :D

Yeah, that one's kind of wild. Just a testament to the extent of Maori's consonant losses over the millennia. The two vowels have basically stayed unchanged, though. :)

Спасибо за просмотр! :)

It is a shame. I'm hoping to do a video on one member of the branch in the next few months (currently thinking 3-4 months time). I do really want to look into it more though. I'll try to do a few bits here and there. :)

@@LexisLang Oh, cool. In that case, Hindustani would make for a good video. I think that you’ll have fun with it, especially the phonology and the evolution from Sanskrit to modern IA languages might even resemble Latin to Romance languages. Indo-Aryan branch is the only one (afaik) that kept the voiced aspirates of PIE which gives it a unique look amongst other IE languages. Later, it also developed voiceless aspirates, possibly through the PIE laryngeals + surrounding consonants (you’ll have to read some studies to fact check). And also, the additional series of sounds like retroflex sounds. By the time of Vedic Sanskrit, we get the four-way distinction that is still present in most IA languages.

Yes! In Celtic, kw stayed distinct, then became /k/ in Goidelic and /p/ in Brythonic. Celtic correspondences to other IE branches are often obscured, but I think numbers is one area they're quite clear. :D

Maori's R is an alveolar tap - French's is a uvular fricative. But yes, until that one change,it was very stable. :)

@@LexisLang both sound similar

(some language changed the spelling)

It's certainly very minimal. :)

Hence in just about every feature video of an Austronesian language, we all say "Words may change, but lima is forever"

@@brianocampo7981 Oh I saw that before

I suspect the early scholars on the subject. Remember that the capitals were probably originally unknowns and other parts are based primarily on Malayo-Polynesian (hence s and S). But it is a funny one. :)

@@LexisLang Fair, really unlucky that 2/4 of the capitals are _identical to their lowercase counterparts,_ which are _also_ letters in the notation. I guess you'd get used to it after a while so it's not worth the effort to update, but.. jeez...

Well, I don't want to give any spoilers, but... ;)

Don't forget, Proto-Slavic was spoken more recently than Proto-Germanic (at least the form presented here). Perhaps you'd understand West Germanic a little better, or Early Slavic a little worse. Rate of change may well still be different, though. :)

I feel like loads of people take it seriously. It would be a lot of fun to do one one day - thanks for the suggestion! :)