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The height of a surge tank is a critical parameter in hydropower design, which is calculated to ensure the safety and operational stability of the water conveyance system. The outline of the sources and considerations involved in its calculation are: 1. Hydraulic Principles Like: Water Hammer Theory: Surge tanks are designed to mitigate water hammer effects caused by sudden load changes in turbines. Equations derived from fluid dynamics principles. Continuity and Momentum Equations: These equations are used to model flow and pressure variations during transient conditions. 2. Numerical Simulations Like: Advanced software such as HEC-RAS, Flow-3D, or ANSYS-Fluent uses numerical methods to simulate unsteady flows and optimize surge tank height. 3. Key Parameters for Calculation are: Surge tank height depends on: -Head Loss in the water system -Rate of Change of Load on turbines -Reservoir and Tailwater Levels -Wave Speed in the penstock -Critical Flow Velocities and Safety Margins etc...

Question: How to calculate height of surge tank? The height of a surge tank in a hydropower system is calculated to ensure to manage the water hammer effect, stabilize flow, and maintain pressure within safe limits during load variations. The height depends on factors like the head of the system, pipeline length, flow rate, and system operation. Here's the step-by-step process: ________________________________________ 1. Calculate the Water Hammer Pressure When a valve closes suddenly, the water hammer effect causes a pressure rise in the pipeline. The pressure increase (ΔP) is given by: ΔP=ρ⋅a⋅v Where: ρ: Density of water (≈1000 kg/m3) a: Wave velocity (depends on pipe material; for steel pipes, a≈1200−1400 m/s) v: Flow velocity in the pipe (m/s) ________________________________________ 2. Determine the Surge Head The surge head (Hs) is the maximum rise in water level in the surge tank due to the water hammer effect. Use the formula: Hs=ΔP/γ Where: ΔP: Pressure increase calculated above (Pa) γ: Specific weight of water (≈9810 N/m3) ________________________________________ 3. Consider Operating Head and Freeboard The total height of the surge tank (Ht) includes: Static water level: The head (H) from the reservoir to the turbine. Surge head: The rise in water level due to pressure fluctuations. Freeboard: Additional height to account for safety (10−20% of the surge head). Ht=H+Hs+F Where F is the freeboard height. ________________________________________ 4. Perform Dynamic Analysis (if needed) For precise design, perform a transient flow analysis (e.g., using the Method of Characteristics) to simulate water level changes in the surge tank over time. Below are the key dynamic analyses performed: 1. Load Rejection Analysis 2. Load Acceptance Analysis 3. Emergency Valve Closure Analysis 4. Water Hammer Analysis 5. Oscillation Analysis in the Surge Tank 6. Stability Analysis 7. Drawdown Analysis 8. Freeboard Analysis 9. Combined Transient Analysis Tools for Performing Dynamic Analyses Method of Characteristics (MOC): A numerical method to solve unsteady flow equations and analyze water hammer and transient flow. Hydraulic Simulation Software: MATLAB: Custom transient models. HYTRAN/WANDA: Specialized tools for surge tank and pipeline dynamics. Finite Element/Finite Difference Methods: For detailed transient flow modeling. ________________________________________ Finally, the surge tank height should ensure it accommodates all expected surges while maintaining safety margins. The above formulas are a starting point where as the exact values depend on system specifics and regulatory standards.

Question: How to calculate height of surge tank? The height of a surge tank in a hydropower system is calculated to ensure to manage the water hammer effect, stabilize flow, and maintain pressure within safe limits during load variations. The height depends on factors like the head of the system, pipeline length, flow rate, and system operation. Here's the step-by-step process: ________________________________________ 1. Calculate the Water Hammer Pressure When a valve closes suddenly, the water hammer effect causes a pressure rise in the pipeline. The pressure increase (ΔP) is given by: ΔP=ρ⋅a⋅v Where: ρ: Density of water (≈1000 kg/m3) a: Wave velocity (depends on pipe material; for steel pipes, a≈1200−1400 m/s) v: Flow velocity in the pipe (m/s) ________________________________________ 2. Determine the Surge Head The surge head (Hs) is the maximum rise in water level in the surge tank due to the water hammer effect. Use the formula: Hs=ΔP/γ Where: ΔP: Pressure increase calculated above (Pa) γ: Specific weight of water (≈9810 N/m3) ________________________________________ 3. Consider Operating Head and Freeboard The total height of the surge tank (Ht) includes: Static water level: The head (H) from the reservoir to the turbine. Surge head: The rise in water level due to pressure fluctuations. Freeboard: Additional height to account for safety (10−20% of the surge head). Ht=H+Hs+F Where F is the freeboard height. ________________________________________ 4. Perform Dynamic Analysis (if needed) For precise design, perform a transient flow analysis (e.g., using the Method of Characteristics) to simulate water level changes in the surge tank over time. Below are the key dynamic analyses performed: 1. Load Rejection Analysis 2. Load Acceptance Analysis 3. Emergency Valve Closure Analysis 4. Water Hammer Analysis 5. Oscillation Analysis in the Surge Tank 6. Stability Analysis 7. Drawdown Analysis 8. Freeboard Analysis 9. Combined Transient Analysis Tools for Performing Dynamic Analyses Method of Characteristics (MOC): A numerical method to solve unsteady flow equations and analyze water hammer and transient flow. Hydraulic Simulation Software: MATLAB: Custom transient models. HYTRAN/WANDA: Specialized tools for surge tank and pipeline dynamics. Finite Element/Finite Difference Methods: For detailed transient flow modeling. ________________________________________ Finally, the surge tank height should ensure it accommodates all expected surges while maintaining safety margins. The above formulas are a starting point where as the exact values depend on system specifics and regulatory standards.

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The "periodic settling theory" refers to the process and design considerations intended at effectively managing sedimentation in the Settling basin. A settling basin is a structure used to remove sediment from the water before it enters the waterways, such as Forebay, pipes, surge tank, turbines, to prevent damage and ensure efficient operation. Key Aspects of Periodic Settling Theory in a Settling Basin: 1. Periodic Nature of Settling: The term "periodic" implies that the settling process is not continuous but occurs at regular intervals. This could be due to variations in water flow, sediment load, or operational procedures. For example, during periods of high water flow, more sediment might be carried into the basin, requiring more frequent settling and cleaning. 2. Sediment Transport and Deposition: Water entering the settling basin often carries sediment, including sand, silt, and other particles. The theory focuses on how these particles settle out of the water as it flows through the basin. Larger, heavier particles tend to settle more quickly, while finer particles may remain suspended longer. 3. Design Considerations: The design of the settling basin is influenced by the periodic settling theory. Considering factors like basin length, depth, and flow velocity to optimize the settling process. The goal is to ensure that the water velocity is low enough for sediment to settle out before the water exits the basin. It helps in determining the timing for maintenance activities, such as the removal of accumulated sediment. Regular intervals for sediment removal are planned to prevent excessive build-up, which could reduce the effectiveness of the basin. 4. Operational Management: Periodic settling theory helps in the operational management of the basin which involves in monitoring sediment levels and adjusting the operation of the basin to maintain its efficiency. For example, in some designs, water flow can be temporarily slowed or even stopped to allow more complete sedimentation. Importance in Hydropower Projects:  Turbine Protection: Effective sediment management in the settling basin protects the turbines and other downstream equipment from abrasion and damage caused by sediment-laden water.  Operational Efficiency: By ensuring that sediment is periodically settled and removed, the settling basin helps maintain the efficiency of the hydropower plant, reducing the need for costly repairs and prolonging the life of the equipment.  Environmental Impact: Proper management of sediment also helps minimize the environmental impact at the downstream section, as excessive sediment can harm aquatic habitats and alter river morphology.

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We too haven't had any proper books but have taken some ideas from published papers like www.researchgate.net/publication/313242728_Surge_Tank_Design_Considerations_for_Controlling_Water_Hammer_Effects_at_Hydro-electric_Power_Plants, www.researchgate.net/publication/326345663_Optimizing_surge_tank_layout_for_highly_flexible_hydropower you can have a look on them

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We are from Nepal

For this question we have made another video with title "Derivation of Most Economic Trapezoidal Section" on link ruclips.net/video/qSgOedT_fLk/видео.html you can have a look on it.

The Side Slopes shall be assumed before the economic Perimeter Calculation. In case of canal design, the choice of slope is influenced by various factors such as the desired flow velocity, sediment transport by water, and the type of soil in the canal construction area. A slope that is too steep can lead to erosion and excessive sedimentation, while a slope that is too gentle may result in inadequate water flow. Here in our case the 1/2(H):1(V) ratio is a common slope used in trapezoidal canal designs as it balances these considerations, providing a reasonable compromise between efficient water flow and prevention of erosion.

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you mean, I need to create separate playlist videos only on "Pressure rise due to gradual closure of a valve" or separate playlist only for the all type solved Question ?

@@HydropowerExplorers I mean separate playlist for all solved questions, it will be much easier to navigate through your channel. Thnx!

@@keyable Some times it may not be possible to separate all the question as at present i am separating the playlist as per Hydropower, Hydraulics and Hydrology etc. but will try best

@@HydropowerExplorers Ok thanks!

We have created a Playlist as per your concern you can have a look on our play list sections.

for the reference you can refer Hydropower Engineering For SPPU B.E. Civil Engineering Sem 8 by B. L. Singhal, Hydropower Engineering by Edwin Parks, Hydropower from Small & Low-Head Hydro Technologies (Energy Science, Engineering and Technology)by Amanda E Niemi, Cory M Fincher, Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering by Yizi Shang, Ling Shang, Xiaofei Li, Hydropower Engineering Handbook by John Gulliver, Roger Arndt. you can also check out the Fundamentals of Hydropower Engineering by Er. Sanjeeb baral

Recently we have uploaded a video on the surge tank, you can have a look. And for the pressure tank we will upload another video soon. keep on watching our channel, thank.

@@HydropowerExplorers Thanks looking forward for your new videos.

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