- Видео 147
- Просмотров 103 383
BRAIN PONDERINGS podcast with Dr. Mark Mattson
Добавлен 3 дек 2021
Neuroscientist Mark Mattson in conversations with other scientists at the forefront of brain research.
Here are a few of the major questions that BRAIN PONDERINGS guests will tackle:
How have brains evolved to enable success in diverse environments?
How does the brain develop in the womb and in early life?
What are the mechanisms responsible for learning and memory, language, and emotions?
How does the brain respond to life’s challenges?
In what ways does the brain influence the body and vice-versa?
What is known about the causes of psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and other brain disorders?
What new technologies are being developed to treat neurological disorders?
How do naturally occurring and man-made chemicals affect the brain?
Where are the boundaries between ethical and unethical neuroscience research?
How can gene therapy, cell regeneration, and brain stimulation be used for brain disorders?
Here are a few of the major questions that BRAIN PONDERINGS guests will tackle:
How have brains evolved to enable success in diverse environments?
How does the brain develop in the womb and in early life?
What are the mechanisms responsible for learning and memory, language, and emotions?
How does the brain respond to life’s challenges?
In what ways does the brain influence the body and vice-versa?
What is known about the causes of psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and other brain disorders?
What new technologies are being developed to treat neurological disorders?
How do naturally occurring and man-made chemicals affect the brain?
Where are the boundaries between ethical and unethical neuroscience research?
How can gene therapy, cell regeneration, and brain stimulation be used for brain disorders?
Bioenergetics and Brain Health 4: Brain Aging, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases, and Stroke
In this final episode of the Bioenergetics and Brain Health series I talk about changes that occur in brain cells during normal aging, and in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke with emphasis on alterations upstream and downstream of cellular energy metabolism. The episode concludes with examples of therapeutic interventions that target those age- and disease-related alterations.
LINKS:
Hallmarks of Brain Aging
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6039826/pdf/nihms979409.pdf
Brain Energy Rescue:
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7948516/pdf/nihms-1624328.pdf
The Hormesis Principle of Brain Health and Resilience
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5209274/pdf/nihms834422.pdf
LINKS:
Hallmarks of Brain Aging
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6039826/pdf/nihms979409.pdf
Brain Energy Rescue:
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7948516/pdf/nihms-1624328.pdf
The Hormesis Principle of Brain Health and Resilience
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5209274/pdf/nihms834422.pdf
Просмотров: 133
Видео
Bioenergetics and Brain Health 3: How Exercise and Fasting Enhance Neuroplasticity and Resilience
Просмотров 99419 часов назад
In this third podcast in the Bioenergetics and Brain Health series I talk about how intermittent exercise and fasting affect brain function, neuroplasticity, and resilience. Research has shown that both of these bioenergetic challenges can enhance learning and memory, improve mood, counteract aging, and protect neurons against injury and disease. I provide an overview of evidence that over peri...
Bioenergetics and Brain Health 2: Mitochondrial Dynamics, Biogenesis, Disposal, and Signaling
Просмотров 2,2 тыс.14 дней назад
This is the second in a series of presentations on the interrelationships between energy metabolism, brain function and resilience, and disease processes. In this episode I describe how mitochondria are moved about within axons and dendrites, how mitochondria divide, fuse with each other, and are eliminated when they become dysfunctional. Importantly, mitochondria influence and respond to activ...
Josh Dubnau: Endogenous Retroviruses and Retrotransposons in Brain Aging and Degenerative Disorders
Просмотров 35921 день назад
More than 40 percent of the human genome consists of retrotransposons which are DNA sequences related to retroviruses that can jump within the genome and have the ability to replicate although most are dormant. In this episode Professor Josh Dubnau at the University of Stony Brook talks about endogenous retroviruses and retrotransposons and recent evidence that some of them are activated in neu...
Bioenergetics and Brain Health 1: Evolutionary Perspective and Overview of Brain Energy Metabolism
Просмотров 2,4 тыс.28 дней назад
This is the fist in a series of presentations on the interrelationships between energy metabolism, brain function and resilience, and disease processes. Overindulgent sedentary lifestyles are increasingly common with adverse consequences for trajectories of brain health in current and future generations. I will review findings from studies of humans and animals that are elucidating the cellular...
Ziv Williams: Encoding Social Cognition and Language in Individual Neurons and Neuronal Ensembles
Просмотров 304Месяц назад
Every day we communicate with and influence others via language, decision-making, and actions. The complexities of human social interactions and language begs the question of how the brain processes the relevant incoming information and then generates responses so rapidly and effortlessly. Neurosurgeon Ziv Williams and his team at Harvard Medical School have made major advances in answering the...
Antoinette M van den Brink and Rolf Fronczek: Causes and Therapy for Migraine and Cluster Headaches
Просмотров 155Месяц назад
One in seven people experience migraine headaches while others suffer with even more debilitating cluster headaches. The causes of these headaches are not fully understood and current treatments provide only partial relief. In this episode pharmacologist Antoinette van den Brink and neurologist Rolf Fronczek describe the clinical features of these headaches, the current understanding of their c...
Andrea Luppi: Consciousness and Brain Function Through the Lens of Time, Space, and Information
Просмотров 338Месяц назад
Consciousness is “one’s awareness of electrochemically conveyed information coming into the brain from the environment via sensory pathways or generated within the brain’s neuronal networks (i.e., thoughts). In popular culture ‘consciousness’ is often portrayed as a mysterious concept or process. However, research that examines the effects of anesthetics, sleep, brain injuries, and psychedelics...
Richard Lu: OPCs and Oligodendrocytes - Roles in Brain Development, Function, and Cancer
Просмотров 179Месяц назад
In this episode Richard Lu - a professor of pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati Chldren’s Hospital talks about a type of stem cell in the brain called oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC normally differentiate into the oligodendrocytes that wrap around the axons of neurons providing insulation that greatly speeds up the propagation of electrical impulses. These cells also provide...
Visar Berisha and Julie Liss: Automated Speech Analysis to Evaluate Brain Function and Disease
Просмотров 1252 месяца назад
Arizona State University Professors Visar Berisha and Julie Liss have combined their expertise in engineering and speech communication to develop and apply novel automated speech analysis technology to the field of neurological disorders. Because of the complexity of human speech and the brain circuits involved speech analysis can provide a window into multiple domains of brain function. In thi...
Erika Augustine: Challenges of Rare Childhood Neurological Disorders Exemplified by Batten Diseases
Просмотров 872 месяца назад
Erika Augustine: Challenges of Rare Childhood Neurological Disorders Exemplified by Batten Diseases There are approximately 7000 rare diseases each affecting fewer than 200,000 Americans. Most rare disorders are caused by gene mutations, manifest in childhood, include neurological problems, and progress rapidly resulting in death in the first several decades of life. Examples include fragile X ...
Understanding and Counteracting Brain Aging
Просмотров 7952 месяца назад
In this episode I provide an overview of what happens in brain cells during aging and how those changes result in impaired brain function and predispose to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. I then describe three lifestyle anti-aging interventions that are known to slow brain aging and counteract disease process: physical exercise; intermittent fasting; and intellectual challenges. LINKS Hal...
Shiqian Shen: Gut - Immune - Brain Communications in Chronic Pain Reveal New Avenues for Treatments
Просмотров 2222 месяца назад
Chronic pain is a highly prevalent problem in need to improved treatments. In this episode I talk with Dr. Shiqian Shen of Harvard Medical School about his research on interactions between the immune and nervous systems in chronic pain. He has found an interesting connection between the gut microbiota, immune cells, and neurons in chronic pain. These findings suggest new approaches for treating...
Daniel Pine: Understanding and Treating Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Просмотров 2813 месяца назад
Anxiety disorders are all too common in children and adolescents and their incidence has increased considerably during the past decade. Social interactions (positive or negative) in the home, schools, and the digital world have a major influence on a child’s risk for anxiety and major depression. In this episode I talk with Dr. Danny Pine at the National Institute of Mental Health who has devot...
Ronald DePinho: Aging and Cancer Research Elucidates Neurodegenerative Mechanisms and Treatments
Просмотров 3723 месяца назад
Cells in all organ systems experience the same ‘hallmarks of aging’ which include the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins, DNA, membranes and mitochondria, impaired DNA repair and autophagy, senescence, and inflammation. In this episode Professor Ron DePinho of the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston talks about his remarkable career during which he and his trainees established fundam...
Dimitrios Kapogiannis: Messages in Neural Nanobubbles: Extracellular Vesicles and Brain Disorders
Просмотров 1,3 тыс.3 месяца назад
Dimitrios Kapogiannis: Messages in Neural Nanobubbles: Extracellular Vesicles and Brain Disorders
Sebastian Ocklenburg - Left - Right Asymmetries, Lateralized Brain Functions, and Individuality
Просмотров 2493 месяца назад
Sebastian Ocklenburg - Left - Right Asymmetries, Lateralized Brain Functions, and Individuality
Eva Feldman: The Exposome, Brain Health, and Neurological Disorders
Просмотров 2523 месяца назад
Eva Feldman: The Exposome, Brain Health, and Neurological Disorders
Hubert Hondermarck - The Neural Addiction of Cancers
Просмотров 8514 месяца назад
Hubert Hondermarck - The Neural Addiction of Cancers
Frantisek Baluska - Plant Communication, Behaviors, and … Intelligence
Просмотров 1964 месяца назад
Frantisek Baluska - Plant Communication, Behaviors, and … Intelligence
Darren Baker - Cell Senescence, Brain Aging, and Senotherapeutics for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Просмотров 5114 месяца назад
Darren Baker - Cell Senescence, Brain Aging, and Senotherapeutics for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Pascal Molenberghs: The Neuroscience of Tribalism and Xenophobia and Their Impact on Society
Просмотров 2175 месяцев назад
Pascal Molenberghs: The Neuroscience of Tribalism and Xenophobia and Their Impact on Society
Daniel Schacter: The Fallibilities of Memory and the Impact of Digital Technologies Thereon
Просмотров 4115 месяцев назад
Daniel Schacter: The Fallibilities of Memory and the Impact of Digital Technologies Thereon
Rajiv Ratan: The Power of Challenging Brain Cells to Enhance Resilience and Stimulate Repair
Просмотров 5695 месяцев назад
Rajiv Ratan: The Power of Challenging Brain Cells to Enhance Resilience and Stimulate Repair
Richie Davidson: The Science of Mindfulness Meditation and the Four Pillars of Human Flourishing
Просмотров 3655 месяцев назад
Richie Davidson: The Science of Mindfulness Meditation and the Four Pillars of Human Flourishing
Pamela Maher: Discovering Phytochemicals That May Protect the Brain Against Aging and Disease
Просмотров 4326 месяцев назад
Pamela Maher: Discovering Phytochemicals That May Protect the Brain Against Aging and Disease
Sandrine Thuret: How Diet and Factors in Blood Affect Neurogenesis and Cognition
Просмотров 5986 месяцев назад
Sandrine Thuret: How Diet and Factors in Blood Affect Neurogenesis and Cognition
John Cryan: Gut Microbiome - Brain Communication in Health and Disease
Просмотров 6516 месяцев назад
John Cryan: Gut Microbiome - Brain Communication in Health and Disease
David Nutt: The Drug Science - Drug Regulation Disconnect and Its Impact on Individuals and Society
Просмотров 6256 месяцев назад
David Nutt: The Drug Science - Drug Regulation Disconnect and Its Impact on Individuals and Society
Yaakov Stern: Cognitive Reserve and Individual Differences in Brain Aging and Alzheimer’s Risk
Просмотров 4967 месяцев назад
Yaakov Stern: Cognitive Reserve and Individual Differences in Brain Aging and Alzheimer’s Risk
Covers the bases, thank you! (will be back to take in my next “third” soon! )
Thank you so much for this! My daughter had her first seizure at age 18 and we discovered a massive brain tumor. Surgery wasn’t successful and she had radiation and immunotherapy. Sad to say it’s been 3 years and she’s on 3 different seizure meds but continues to have refractory epilepsy. We are desperately looking for help for both the seizures and the tumor
haven't watched this one yet but i'm really enjoying the series. thanks for putting these out!
Thank you. If one already does TRE (daily 16/8 fasting and moderate daily exercise), but is older like me (70), do you think that an occasional day, maybe once a week or every 2 weeks, of lower calorie intake (< 1000) combined with a bit more exercise might aid in the turnover of older more compromised mitochondria? BTW, my ketone level tends to be in the 0.3 to 0.6 mmol/L range by the end of my 18 h daily fast which is a little higher than normal suggesting lower insulin.
Amazing stuff 🔥
Valter Longo say that is bad to skip breakfast because it is bad for the heart to go without it.
My question is if we would just increase blood flow with FAR infrared Mats instead of sports .. would there be a positive effect also on the brain.. Older people have mobility issues .. so if we would just increase bllod flow with FAR infrared .. would that be positive . So its it the exercise or the blood flow.
Mark thank you for putting together this amazing podcast. Just picked up your book - looking forward to getting through it
Thank you! This is excellent!
Thank you Mark!
Thank you, learned a lot. Please consider having Chris Palmer from Harvard on a future episode. A lot of great research about ketogenic diet and mental health
Have listened to the first 2 many times, will listen to this one many times and then over time revisit and watch all 3. What's cool is there's just more and more new discoveries, esp w Michael Levine's stuff but we are entering a fun era of health and understanding.
Excellent - thank you!
i been studying the Mitochondria for about 4 years with its motility seems very strange because they can move through Fission or fussion and with the micro tubles and Kinsen with Dynien as one transports them to the positive and the other Negative side of the cell. they do so much more than making ATP. I been studying Cancer for 6 year and after reading Otto Warburge theory of Cancer I got fascinated with them. could I ask some of my Mitochondria questions ?
Yes, please do ask me your questions
@@Mark-hu5hq With Fission or fussion and with the micro tubles and Kinsen with Dynien as one transports them both ways use ATP and ADP. What happens when there is not enough ATP ? Also who regulates and over sees the self assembiling micro tubles and there Health ?
What is your personal regimen for fasting and exercise? Trying to figure out what is minimum effective dose of fasting? Does benefits increase if you go for longer fasting time duration?
Thankyou .. i will have to listen to this a few more times , theres alot to comprehend,
Excellent presentation and thank you for this It takes effort to do these videos What’s your take on infrared activation of mitochondria in the outdoor human ?
awesome talk! iv heard a lot of this stuff discussed at surface level in a lot of other channels, but this feels like we're finally down to the nuts and bolts. thanks for taking the time
18:30 addiction hipocaMpus 25:00. / 36:20 mitochondria 💀
Host needs to get out in the Sun ☀️. Broad spectrum sunlight is the single biggest way to improve mitochondrial function and ATP generation.
You are great 😊😊
Great work 👏 very interesting electro ,fluidlike, thermodynamical feedback loops of energy & mass at work, that's for sure. The amount of variety in the tranfer of exchanges is extremely interesting. Messengers, kenesis, miyo, matrix, tubler its just about exhausted every similar type of cellular networking or mode of conversation humans have ever dreamed up and running out of words and operation to even name them with lol That's not even accounting all that is communicated within. Regulators and receptors, fission,fusion, etc etc
We don't credit the greater society movement of thought who did not get their way and was combativly denied wholistic knowledge approach in the feild when at best they had the general predicted story and was only needing to tease out details and strong identifiers many of which was absolutely despised by the movement in control who was never a majority in America and at least wss abroad.
Thank you for sharing such valuable insights and making complex neuroscience topics accessible. Your videos are a great resource for anyone interested in understanding the brain, and your explanations are both clear and engaging. Looking forward to more of your content!
Thank you so much for doing this series of videos, fascinating subject ! 🙏
you are very welcome. I enjoy doing this!
I really really like the graphics you use during this video. You also present the information very well. Keep making these!
I have adhd you scientist are my only hope
Outstanding as always! thank you!!
I exercised almost daily since I was 60yo. As a lean 70yo man, I exercise EVERYDAY and eat daily omelet of 6x-large eggs (thanks Dr Harcombe & Dr Georgia Ede) and 1 small can of sardines (thanks to Dr Bozworth & Dr Dray) with garlic, ginger ETC cooked with EVOO. According to recent research - supplement of whey concentrate (not the isolate of which some good elements may have been removed). My daily protein is about 30-40 grams. For carbs I eat fruits, vegetables and honey - no rice, no bread, no sugar to maintain a lean healthy body. Excess proteins will be converted to carbs and fats. More heavy weights exercise will need much proteins foods that cannot be digested by older persons. Older persons [more than 40 yo] need only enough protein to maintain lean muscles for longer lifestyle. Spike protein is toxic (Refer to Dr. Campbell, Dr. Dan Zatarski, Dr. Longo, Dr. Rosdale, Dr. Tim Spector and others). Higher protein intake would require a person to lift heavier weights, which stresses the internal organs - heart, liver, kidneys, joints ETC - that’s why bodybuilders do not live long. I do not need much protein, because I maintain lean muscle mass for longer life. I do single leg or arm REDUCED EXERTION HIT [REHIT] daily for about 9-14 minutes for 2 sets [left side and right side] with 1-dumbbell [or 1-hand push-up] for 3-4 minutes until near exhaustion/failure to raise the heart-rate to about 90%, interspersed with 2-3 minutes rest; then repeat for the right side of the body. Add more dumbbell plates as we get stronger. The rest of the 9-14 minutes is for warm-up and cool down. Daily REDUCED EXERTION HIT [REHIT] with 2-exercises per day would sum-up to 14-exercises per week working different sets of muscles. Daily REHIT need less protein to metabolize for lean muscle-maintenance, until up to 140 maximum years. According to research, combined 1-dumbbell and cardio exercise increases health-span/life-span to 40+ years. Intermittent fasting must not be everyday - I sometimes eat 2x/week regularly when I feel hungry.
pregnant women not people... women get pregnant men don't
i believe dogs don't descend from wolves, these are two different species that evolved in isolation for quite a long period, as genetics suggests so proper comparison would be with these ancestral dogs not other branch that evolved by default with own typical specifics and is equally far from their common ancestor neanderthals also had a bigger brains, so yes the specific way of acquiring food matters here but also we differ from them big way because of speech related genes it may be that offensive hunting requires much more visual input, physical precision and higher muscle mass but also lower body mass directly impacts brain mass, as comparing our males and females animals were bigger in previous era when bigger fauna dominated and so they still hold genes and evolutionary library related to it as well there is a much simpler rule that big herd doesn't use brains that much... as it's self organisation takes over individual small group consideration if you can brute force with numbers you don't need any intricate strategy... and you don't need to watch your back as losses on edges of controlled territory simply can be ignored while keeping core devolved to save energy on unused systems while they compete much different way f.e. simping for humans for food.. or eating what easily multiplied because of invention of farming thank you for the great presentation!
I just came across your channel and am thoroughly impressed with the breadth of content you have. I intend to catch up on all these videos and look forward to more lectures like these in the future.
Have you considered adding a short qualification to say slap on the description somewhere that would tell the audience why you are qualified to discuss the topics at hand. I tend to avoid sources (vids) that I can't easily decipher credibility. Like listing the PHD and areas of work. Just something I personally like.
wow you love staying in a bubble of authorities
@@szymonbaranowski8184 You're going to need to clarify the meaning behind "bubble of authorities" As to my statement, why do you care if I state something is my preference? All too often, youtube video presents fiction as fact.
Have you thought of googling "Mark Mattson"?
thanks Jesse. Good idea.
@@brainponderingswithmarkmat648 Thank you, I appreciate you took the time to acknowledge. Love this type of content.
thank you soo much, for the knowledge
i appreciat the attemp... but the fist slide is utter nonsense. How can you think/write that the sun is the PROXIMAL source of energy? The proximal source = the surce that is closer/closest to the bain is the liver which prepares the glucose and ketone bodies. Also, the slide shows that you do not understand evolution. The whole theater of evolution is about getting rid of developmental constraints, in other words, from particular physics and particular chemistry, and particular biological environment, and if not possible, to render particularly strong influences back into the average. Hence generalists dominate this world: humans, rats, ants. so do yourself a favor and remove that first slide
Thermodynamics has entered the chat
Yes, I meant to say that the sun is the DISTAL or initial source of energy. Thanks
i think infrared from sun is closer as it penetrates scull directly... and is utilised by mitochondria for energy production..
Thank you, some of this is bringing back memories of good times in biology classes. I was astounded by some of these details. The human body is truly amazing.❤❤
Thank you! I definitely enjoyed this. Your summary of these processes was succinct yet cohesive & thorough. It helped me, a lay person, to better understand some of these processes & dynamics. I am wondering how caffeine might promote damaging excitotoxity. Looking forward to the test of this series!
Great topic Mark. Can't wait to dive into this series!
Echoing your Wow! I think it must’ve been a little tricky to title this conversation. I would have gone with Just Listen and Learn.
‘Too much enegy’… I immediately stood up and did my 4-minute nitrogen dump. Layperson speaking - if mice have more brown fat, can all of these diet experiments with mice really correlate to human metabolism.
Oh jesus "interviewer" says he doesnt even know what happened to Ms. Shaye and Lady Ruby, but asks about roodles??? ILY Dr. Lee; catch you on your other platforms, like Anthony Davis.'
DDT was made in my backyard in Torrance, California and Nixon was responsible for getting it banned. I love ❤️ regulations!
Learned a lot 😊! Thanks! ☺️
Our Mad King (wannabe) Donald suffers from a Borderline Personality Disorder dating back to his abandonment by his dying mother when he was but 2yo, which must have left little Donnie in a state of sheer terror, as anyone who has shopped in a Big Box store and seen a toddler who wanders off and hose mother threatens to abandon him/her if he/she doesn't catch-up. DJT has spent his entire life in an endless effort to avoid ever being abandoned again. Thus, his obsession with "loyalty" and rages against anyone showing any evidence of a possible intent to leave or abandon him, including the voters of the USA. You're either totally devoted to him or you're "scum" and should be destroyed. The best defense to avoid abandonment is striking first to reject a potential abandoner, say, like James Comey. Look up "BPD" and see if I'm not making an accurate diagnosis. You don't need to be a psychiatrist, even if I am.
Made sense why he was saying mdma has addiction/abuse potential after he said he's part of a company making another form of mdma - because it doesn't - last thing you want to do afterwards is more. Don't have to overplay the negatives to promote the idea of another form being beneficial - not to say it neccessarilly will be as effective/witho-out it's own problems. Mdma therapy is different to taking it every day - that's the real point to discuss - sucks so bad when money drives these things - not like the guy would be short a dollar either. Just be real ffs
Donald Trump is more a symptom than a cause, but his exemplification of the malignant symptoms of society are way more problematic than a diagnosis could possibly be. He, IMHO, is not the end or the beginning of contagion; but rather, he is a catalyst. There is a great deal of work to do, and we all play an important role in mitigating the pathologic symptoms in society. Taking responsibility for these symptoms and working to change and grow is a subtle indication of increasing health; fixation, more an indication of pathology. We can do it, if we want. The alternative is truly frightening. We need to change and it's easier than we imagine.
From the subtext of the video: "Consciousness is “one’s awareness of electrochemically conveyed information..." That's a tautology.
Hey mark, i'm looking forward to this interview. I have a podcast topic suggestion for you, and that is the impact of abnormal iron accumulation on the nervous system and its relationship with movement disorders and other neurological problems, as well as aging. Thanks.
good
Keep an eye on Luca Turin's research. Our mitochondrial symbiont is on the way to being outed as our instincts and consciousness(boot code and operating system) Close coupled with scent too, likely heavily involved in mate selection(Think pheromones, kissing). If you correlate kissing with foreplay, then know that there's probably an evolved way for us guys to pass our own mitochondria quite independently from fertilization of the egg. I personally vouch for pheromones. Very conveniently, Luca has started with revolutionizing our understanding of olfaction and is now working on understanding consciousness.
Bandy, I seem to alway get to you when I'm browsing You Tube. I love your speaking. Your cadence and gentle voice always attract me. Then you smile, and I'm hooked. I have aphasia from a stroke years ago. I can keep up because of your demeanor, and I lost my entire family years ago because of a sociopath adopted sister who wreaked havoc on my family and my wife and I were the only ones who chose to stand our ground so we had to go "no contact". From that experience I became interested psychology. I'm a U.S. veteran era of the Vietnam war. For some reason, I feel I saw right through Donald Trump immediately and detest what's become of half of our country. I get comfort and some understanding of all this mess because of you. I'm so very grateful to you as you have helped me get some claritiy. Thank you again!!
And so to so many of us . Thank you .