History Pilot
History Pilot
  • Видео 197
  • Просмотров 565 671
The Home Show, with Tippi Hedren & Shambala Visit Acton, CA 1993
ABC's The Home Show, with special guest, actress and philanthropist Tippi Hedren, visit Acton Elementary School in the Spring of 1993.
Просмотров: 95

Видео

Kids' First Malasadas at Leonard's in Hawaii!
Просмотров 563 месяца назад
Kids' First Malasadas at Leonard's in Hawaii!
U.S. Politics in the 1790s Were Rather Unpleasant
Просмотров 643 месяца назад
U.S. Politics in the 1790s Were Rather Unpleasant
A Very Cursory, and Crummy, College Class Intro to President Andrew Jackson!
Просмотров 133 месяца назад
Andrew Jackson was a radical departure from the six U.S. presidents who preceded him. Was he an unhinged lunatic or a symbol of America's growing democratic institutions?
6- Year Old Aurora Smith 2023 Piano Recital: Boeker Studio, Acton CA
Просмотров 643 месяца назад
6- Year Old Aurora Smith 2023 Piano Recital: Boeker Studio, Acton CA
The Patriot- These Rustics are so Inept
Просмотров 1513 месяца назад
The British army squashes the American Continentals at Camden.
You're Doing it Wrong, Son!
Просмотров 2354 месяца назад
You're Doing it Wrong, Son!
#Notalegitinfluencer
Просмотров 254 месяца назад
#Notalegitinfluencer
Nancy W. Maxwell, my 'Gran Nan,' from Birth to 90 and Still Rocking!
Просмотров 384 месяца назад
Nancy W. Maxwell, my 'Gran Nan,' from Birth to 90 and Still Rocking!
Toddler Thinks He's a Pet
Просмотров 11310 месяцев назад
Toddler Thinks He's a Pet
1971 AMC Gremlin TURBO DIESEL Freak Rod!
Просмотров 7810 месяцев назад
1971 AMC Gremlin TURBO DIESEL Freak Rod!
4k UHD Drone Video of Puerto Peñasco, Rocky Point Mexico
Просмотров 20411 месяцев назад
4k UHD Drone Video of Puerto Peñasco, Rocky Point Mexico
Sportbike Commute from Los Angeles to the Country
Просмотров 3711 месяцев назад
Sportbike Commute from Los Angeles to the Country
Arizona's Beach in Mexico
Просмотров 2011 месяцев назад
Arizona's Beach in Mexico
Mexican Rodeo Drive
Просмотров 5411 месяцев назад
Mexican Rodeo Drive
Los Angeles Motorcycle Commute, 40 Miles in 5 Minutes
Просмотров 7511 месяцев назад
Los Angeles Motorcycle Commute, 40 Miles in 5 Minutes
Blue Mosque, Istanbul
Просмотров 3011 месяцев назад
Blue Mosque, Istanbul
Landing a Cessna 172 into the Desert Sun
Просмотров 3111 месяцев назад
Landing a Cessna 172 into the Desert Sun
Teddy Roosevelt Becomes President History Channel
Просмотров 5511 месяцев назад
Teddy Roosevelt Becomes President History Channel
I Love Lucy Vitameatavegamin
Просмотров 14211 месяцев назад
I Love Lucy Vitameatavegamin
Spanish American War Facts & Summary, History Channel
Просмотров 22311 месяцев назад
Spanish American War Facts & Summary, History Channel
Franklin Roosevelt Invented Hope & Change
Просмотров 4111 месяцев назад
Franklin Roosevelt Invented Hope & Change
Marx Brothers: A Night At The Opera, Crowded Cabin Scene
Просмотров 66311 месяцев назад
Marx Brothers: A Night At The Opera, Crowded Cabin Scene
The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
Просмотров 22411 месяцев назад
The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
Toddler Crime Time
Просмотров 11111 месяцев назад
Toddler Crime Time
Hardcore Toddler Enjoys a Lime
Просмотров 2511 месяцев назад
Hardcore Toddler Enjoys a Lime
6 Year Old Social Media Wannabe Creates YouTube Vid, Dad Freaks Out
Просмотров 14311 месяцев назад
6 Year Old Social Media Wannabe Creates RUclips Vid, Dad Freaks Out
4k Drone Video of Snowy Mountains of Angeles Forest, Winter 2023
Просмотров 1,4 тыс.Год назад
4k Drone Video of Snowy Mountains of Angeles Forest, Winter 2023
Snow in Beautiful Acton, California Winter, 2023
Просмотров 1,7 тыс.Год назад
Snow in Beautiful Acton, California Winter, 2023
4k Drone Video of Beautiful Oceano Dunes, Pismo Beach, CA
Просмотров 1,6 тыс.Год назад
4k Drone Video of Beautiful Oceano Dunes, Pismo Beach, CA

Комментарии

  • @neuseieiahn5164
    @neuseieiahn5164 2 дня назад

    Me in total war empire messin the Brits up with my American hillbillies

  • @MindyLou-or7qk
    @MindyLou-or7qk 5 дней назад

    I learn about her

  • @c.rutherford
    @c.rutherford 11 дней назад

    I wonder how people at the conclusion of his term would describe his Presidency?

  • @bobtis
    @bobtis 13 дней назад

    It's a shame he did this. He was such a smart man. Paranoia was what he was about. It could have ended in 1968

  • @ryanbrooke9270
    @ryanbrooke9270 17 дней назад

    Such a stupid way to fight a war just stand there n get shot lmfao? What sense does that make?

  • @wandaarnt234
    @wandaarnt234 20 дней назад

    Thank You Blessings from Pennsylvania 🙏🎚🇺🇸🇮🇱John 3:16

  • @Elthenar
    @Elthenar 23 дня назад

    To think, we went from struggling to win a single battle against the British to the point where our Navy alone has three times the men of all of the UK's fighting forces combined.

  • @Agesilaus.88
    @Agesilaus.88 29 дней назад

    To think this whole Empire was about money and the Bank of England. They had no idea.

  • @palomaalejandramunoz4636
    @palomaalejandramunoz4636 Месяц назад

    I go to del sur my name is keyla my friend is Ariana

  • @ninojoselopez
    @ninojoselopez 2 месяца назад

    One redcoat says" these bumpkins fought like real englishmen". His officer replied "of course, they are englishmen"...

  • @Mr._Martinez
    @Mr._Martinez 2 месяца назад

    Those darn flute melodies have stayed in my head for years. So catchy.

  • @consalvewigert6336
    @consalvewigert6336 2 месяца назад

    💯 Promo-SM

  • @jfontanez1838
    @jfontanez1838 2 месяца назад

    The American army back then were so not ready lol the British at one time was like the Roman Empire

  • @rvanleersum
    @rvanleersum 2 месяца назад

    Horrible movie... 18th century infantry didn't close distance this close before firing volleys. The muskets were relative dog shit for accuracy, but not that bad.

  • @zaldygallardojr.322
    @zaldygallardojr.322 2 месяца назад

    - "I am not going back." - "No, I did not expect you would! That General Gates is a damned Fool; he spent so many Years in the British Army. Going Muzzle to Muzzle with the 'Redcoats' in open Field would be Madness; this Battle was over before it began."

  • @dane0phelps
    @dane0phelps 2 месяца назад

    When training my soldiers I would use the example of these soldiers to describe courageous restraint when teaching about rules of engagement on our modern battlefields. The courage these men displayed is remarkable.

  • @MIchael-li7mq
    @MIchael-li7mq 2 месяца назад

    Seeing that cannonball after being fired and hitting the ground decapitating that Soldier was a pretty gruesome way to go out especially if he didn't see it coming from how far away the cannonball was

  • @thelastjohnwayne
    @thelastjohnwayne 2 месяца назад

    NOTE This is the Dumbest way to fight ever.

    • @0ThrowawayAccount0
      @0ThrowawayAccount0 2 месяца назад

      Anyone who has literally a modicum of knowledge about "Line Infantry" tactics and strategy rolls their eyes when they see comments like yours. The good news is you are on RUclips. You have internet access. Instead of posting a mindless comment, why not go to Wikipedia and look up Line Infantry tactics, strategy, or better yet... find a RUclips video that goes into great detail why this style of fighting existed. SPOILER: It was the best for land warfare in Europe given the terrain and the weaponry at the time. Black gunpowder and smooth-bored guns are HUGE factors in why they fight like this. The bright colors of the uniforms (instead of camouflage) was because the black gunpowder burns horribly and creates huge clouds of smoke, obscuring friend from foe; having bright colored uniforms help distinguish everyone so commanders could lead and direct troops. Now, you may have noticed the lack of radios and other communications tech out there. That's because there are not any. Not for a couple hundred years to portable enough at least. The reason drums and bugles and flags are present on the battlefield (along with actual GENERALS) is because communicating to people was limited to shouting but remember that dirty burning black gunpowder?? That is also fucking loud. No one can hear Generals who are perched up on some hill using a fucking telescope to command his troops.. So, soldiers were trained to respond to commands given by drums, bugles, or signals given by flags. Ah, but you are probably calling the Soldiers "dumb" for standing in a line just waiting to be shot. Well, you have a tiny point. This was the last relic of "chivalry" present in most battlefields. A lot of honor was left over from the days of old when officers were likely aristocrats. But the Soldiers themselves were likely low-born peasants or merchant-class. The biggest reason they fought in a "line" and "took turns shooting" is that other thing I mentioned, ... smooth bore guns. Smooth bore guns are fucking inaccurate as all get out. Also, those things have to be reloaded FROM THE MUZZLE. A well-trained Soldier was considered great if he could fire *3 rounds per minute* . Imagine that. A gun that fires 3 rounds a fucking minute and even if the dude is great with it, he likely would miss because the gun is smooth bored. And do not get me started on the delay from trigger pull to the actual gunpowder hopefully igniting and sending your round off. So, what does a glacier-slow reload on an inaccurate weapon have to do with standing in a fucking line? Well, the best way to hit your target was turning all your musket fire into basically a "shotgun" blast with volley fire. One dude may miss but if I have 50 dudes lined up and shooting in the same direction, SOME of the musket fire is gonna hit the enemy. You also may be asking, "Why not shoot and then like, lay down or something?" Great question; the point of a battle is to kill the other dude but also take control of advantageous terrain. I already said the guns have to be reloaded from the muzzle. You cannot take territory while laying down and trying to reload a musket (also, muskets are bitches and do not do well when you put dirt or gunk in the muzzle. It jams them with the ramrod and makes the musket inoperable... which is not good when the other dude is trying to kill you). So, they "took turns shooting while walking at each other" to account for the muskets inaccuracy and reload speed whilst trying to take advantageous terrain. There are loads and loads of more considerations with line infantry warfare. Even the fucking weather can dictate battles. I mentioned the black gunpowder right? that pan is not going to ignite in the rain. Hell, even if the humidity is too great the powder can be unreliable. That's why all the battles you see in this era tend to take place on bright, sunny days (at least in the European theatre). There is a big shift with how the 7 Years War (French and Indian War for the US peeps) was fought in the Americas by the Native Americans but that is a topic all on its own. I guess what I am trying to say is, "Fuck you. You are dumb. Stop acting like you are smarter than literally military generals who devoted their entire lives to killing people with the technology and weaponry that was available during their time. Your retarded self probably struggles to microwave food while you admire your Funko Pop collection."

  • @randomlyentertaining8287
    @randomlyentertaining8287 3 месяца назад

    What's funny is that Camden was a loss because most of Gates' men were militia. Continental regulars were more than capable of standing up and holding their own against British regulars, as shown by the Battle of Monmouth. Even militia, when properly utilized in coordination with regulars, could be of use in a set piece battle, as shown later during the Battle of Cowpens.

  • @Rockhound6165
    @Rockhound6165 3 месяца назад

    One thing I never noticed in this scene is the demeanor of each side. The Americans wore fear on their faces and really showed fear after the first volley as they took off. The British on the other hand were stern and determined and even in the face of fire while soldiers were falling never flinched.

    • @tgriffin3059
      @tgriffin3059 2 месяца назад

      The British were a well-disciplined force. They had men who patrolled behind the lines and were ordered to shoot those who ran. This gave the men incentive to keep moving forward and do their job. If they went forward, they had a chance. If they tried to run, the odds were they'd be killed. An approach like that cannot fail but to instill order.

  • @davidneal6920
    @davidneal6920 3 месяца назад

    The guys with the flutes were doing quite well. But its always the dudes on the horses who have to steal the limelight

  • @renevalice3056
    @renevalice3056 3 месяца назад

    isn't that young continental also at the end of the movie as well? I think he wasn't killed off, but rather symbolized America as it was- a young, fledgling but fighting-spirited nation and people.

    • @Lancelot0311
      @Lancelot0311 Месяц назад

      Which one ? I’ll watch it again and let you know. Give me a time stamp please

  • @dennischavante9486
    @dennischavante9486 3 месяца назад

    640 Tons of LIBERATION were dropped.

  • @uuzd4s
    @uuzd4s 3 месяца назад

    The B-17 is always being highlighted as WWII's best Bomber when in fast the B-25 Mitchell outperformed the B-17 in nearly every stat.

  • @lovetofly32
    @lovetofly32 3 месяца назад

    Twelve thousand of them!?!??! Wooowwww!! Things people do and have done just amazes me!

  • @roblink4781
    @roblink4781 3 месяца назад

    The B 17 was only capable of 9000 lb bomb load, never exceeding that weight throughout the War.

    • @bdoo60
      @bdoo60 3 месяца назад

      Must have been thinking of the Lanc!

  • @ODSTdelta
    @ODSTdelta 3 месяца назад

    3:22 one of the best disses ever

  • @D-LineReviews
    @D-LineReviews 3 месяца назад

    I read some of the thoughts of English parliament members and they believed the war was lost on purpose …. They believed Freemasons brothers on both side played theatre while letting the men truly kill each other and allowed escapes and it was theatre to steal the first country in their new enlightenment world….

  • @nickandres7829
    @nickandres7829 3 месяца назад

    1:41 NGL those dead stares while people all around them are dying would be just as unnerving as the cannonfire.

  • @APZachariah
    @APZachariah 3 месяца назад

    Which is a silly thing to think. The Americans got crushed in nearly every engagement until Baron von Steuben taught them how to fight properly, and the militias were never trusted or liked by Washington. It was the Continental Army using traditional European tactics that won the land war, after the French pinned the Royal Navy.

    • @chrishernandez4266
      @chrishernandez4266 3 месяца назад

      Isn't it ironic that eighty some years later, the North & South would still be fighting each other using Napoleonic tactics?

    • @DieFlabbergast
      @DieFlabbergast 2 месяца назад

      @@chrishernandez4266 They worked. You have a better idea?

    • @chrishernandez4266
      @chrishernandez4266 2 месяца назад

      @@DieFlabbergast part of why the militias were so effective was bc they weren't so much "going muzzle to muzzle" with the opposite side. They were a little more stealthy about how they went about fighting, using rocks & trees, etc., for cover & guerilla tactics. At least that is my opinion. I wasn't physically present during those periods of history so I can only base my opinion off things I have read or heard.

  • @Foebane72
    @Foebane72 3 месяца назад

    2:50 I saw this in the cinema, and I remember blinking away when the cannonball bounced towards the camera, and I swear, I never saw the cannonball take the colonial's head off like that!

  • @melvinlee9263
    @melvinlee9263 3 месяца назад

    I look at Heath Ledger and see nothing but Joker (his greatest role).

  • @geoffreyturksmoney
    @geoffreyturksmoney 3 месяца назад

    Even 90 years later, during the Civil War, combat was exactly the same. Warfare didn't change until automatic weapons were invented in the late 18th century.

    • @esbam2002
      @esbam2002 3 месяца назад

      WWI as well

    • @0ThrowawayAccount0
      @0ThrowawayAccount0 2 месяца назад

      Uh... Warfare absolute changed in the American Civil War. Ever heard of a "rifle bore" or perhaps a Minié ball??? The sieges of Vicksburg and Petersburg literally had trench warfare.

    • @esbam2002
      @esbam2002 2 месяца назад

      @@0ThrowawayAccount0Weapons changed. The tactics stayed the same.

    • @0ThrowawayAccount0
      @0ThrowawayAccount0 2 месяца назад

      @@esbam2002 Did you even read my comment, you dunce?

    • @DieFlabbergast
      @DieFlabbergast 2 месяца назад

      * In the late 19th century (1800-1899). The 18th century was the period of Bach and Mozart, the American War of Independence, and the French Revolution.

  • @tonyhewlett4527
    @tonyhewlett4527 3 месяца назад

    They should have taken a lesson from the vikings.

  • @TheSerpent21
    @TheSerpent21 3 месяца назад

    I like the comparison they make in this scene between colonials and the British army. How different their facial expressions are. Ya see absolute fear on the colonials but then shows the British marching and not an ounce of fear on them or hesitation in their movements and even when men around them are gunnee down they continue their march. Training and years experience there just shows how much out of their depth the colonials were compared to the British who had years experience in wars.

    • @techwatch1228
      @techwatch1228 3 месяца назад

      And the Colonials still won. Sometimes you need something to fight for.

  • @MikMoen
    @MikMoen 3 месяца назад

    Marching orderly straight into artillery and volleys of fire was the utmost stupidest Era in Warfare in Human history.

    • @jessiemeisenheimer8675
      @jessiemeisenheimer8675 3 месяца назад

      Tell me you know nothing of the time period without telling me you know nothing of the time period.

  • @thedukeofswellington1827
    @thedukeofswellington1827 3 месяца назад

    Such an awful movie, historically, creatively...just everyway

  • @DRock1999
    @DRock1999 3 месяца назад

    That scene was so powerful!!!!!

  • @k0sm0krat0re
    @k0sm0krat0re 3 месяца назад

    I distinctly remember this scene having a man lose hisnleg at the knee from the bouncing cannonball, not a headshot. Was that some sort of tv censorship attempt?

    • @Rockhound6165
      @Rockhound6165 3 месяца назад

      Different battle. The battle where the men lose their legs is the final battle not this one. And why would they show a guy getting his head blown off but not show a few legs taken off?

  • @alessiodecarolis
    @alessiodecarolis 3 месяца назад

    Naturally it depends from the weapons employed, I strongly doubt that the redcoats would've been so disciplined against, f.e, some greek fire bombs!

  • @bungletorrie3865
    @bungletorrie3865 3 месяца назад

    👍🏼👈🏾

  • @johnwade1095
    @johnwade1095 3 месяца назад

    Is it true this movie ran as "The Traitor" in the UK?

    • @breadders86
      @breadders86 3 месяца назад

      No. I've only ever seen it as The Patriot

    • @johnwade1095
      @johnwade1095 3 месяца назад

      @@breadders86 thought I was being fed a line.

  • @hyper-lethal-sigma3
    @hyper-lethal-sigma3 3 месяца назад

    America unfortunately has forgotten its roots our noble heritage and those reasons are why we have lost as Americans our truly free nation to corruption and legislative oppression...history is who we are and who are any of us that do not know our own history

    • @simonrooney2272
      @simonrooney2272 3 месяца назад

      I feel like the Patriot isn't the best movie to learn about American history from

  • @bobpage6597
    @bobpage6597 3 месяца назад

    2:34.....I've always found it interesting when the British officer says 'FIRE' - the soldiers don't all seem to fire quite at once.......it looks like a part of the line starts, and then the fire seems to 'run down' the rest of the line. I wonder if that was a mistake? I do recall reading somewhere about a possible line tactic in how infantry fired, but it escapes my mind at present aha!!

    • @jessiemeisenheimer8675
      @jessiemeisenheimer8675 3 месяца назад

      It's more realistic. You can actually see other British officers repeating the order down the line. Soldiers further away will hear the order later and so will fire later.

    • @bobpage6597
      @bobpage6597 3 месяца назад

      @@jessiemeisenheimer8675 Yeah I found out what it was called now - 'Platoon Fire' was the method. And the explanation of it makes sense aha - thusly: 'Nearly all line infantry of the period carried smoothbore, muzzle-loading muskets. These take considerable time to reload after firing: anything up to a minute for poorly trained or nervous troops. During that time, the enemy can close or return fire unmolested. In the time it takes to reload, a unit can be cut down, its half-loaded weapons useless in the face of an aggressive foe. It is sensible to make sure that not everyone in an infantry unit is reloading at the same moment; this, in turn, means that not everyone should be firing at the same time. Platoon fire was a way of dividing a unit into smaller groups that each fire, reload and fire again in turn. The result is a "rippling fire" down a line formation and, as the last platoon fires its muskets, the first is ready to fire again. In this way, a unit can always give some fire to the enemy at all times, even if this is less than a complete volley. When more than one unit was involved all the troops in every first platoon fired, followed by all the second platoons, and so on, creating several rippling barrages down the battle line.'

    • @jessiemeisenheimer8675
      @jessiemeisenheimer8675 3 месяца назад

      ​@@bobpage6597Huh. Guess Empire Total War is actually somewhat accurate in its depiction of such tactics.

  • @stevensharp5135
    @stevensharp5135 3 месяца назад

    Suicide plays a major role in warfare of the time. Amazing how swathes of soldiers gave up their lives in the manner of a pawn in a chess game.

    • @0ThrowawayAccount0
      @0ThrowawayAccount0 2 месяца назад

      ruclips.net/video/qpUd4GE8IgU/видео.htmlsi=NUWVY6_5lUins7Bm educate yourself, you dolt

    • @spicey1266
      @spicey1266 Месяц назад

      not sure that id call it amazing more like tragic and terrifying

  • @Mk1Male
    @Mk1Male 3 месяца назад

    Mel Gibson, the most Anglophobic person to ever exist. Just look at his movie history.

    • @Rockhound6165
      @Rockhound6165 3 месяца назад

      He did play Fletcher Christian in The Bounty.

    • @DieFlabbergast
      @DieFlabbergast 2 месяца назад

      Also a rabid anti-Semite. Never saw a historical event he couldn't lie about.

  • @matthewcaughey8898
    @matthewcaughey8898 3 месяца назад

    And so in america we invented gurella tactics and fighting dirty because in a war only victory matters

    • @DieFlabbergast
      @DieFlabbergast 2 месяца назад

      Guerrilla warfare was invented thousands of years ago. The Picts, Jews, and Germans used it against the Roman Empire, and there are hundreds of other examples. If the enemy has the advantage in numbers and weaponry, you use what you can, which includes greater knowledge of the terrain (your home ground).

  • @thes.a.s.s.1361
    @thes.a.s.s.1361 3 месяца назад

    1:50 Is that Giovanni Ribisi?

  • @johnharris6655
    @johnharris6655 3 месяца назад

    Some of the best Generals England had wore American uniforms.

    • @DieFlabbergast
      @DieFlabbergast 2 месяца назад

      The Americans at the start of their War of Independence WERE Englishmen. Changing that was what the war was about.

  • @johnharris6655
    @johnharris6655 3 месяца назад

    A British General, after the war said that England greatly under estimated how good the Americans were with the musket and other fire arms. He said they could load faster, aim better and did not panic under fire. America was still a frontier nation and most men, and some women, learned how to handle weapons and shoot at an early age. England by that time was an industrial nation and some men in the British Army never held a real musket until they joined the army. Most men in the British Army hunted for sport, most of the Men in American Army had to hunt for survival.

    • @Mk1Male
      @Mk1Male 3 месяца назад

      What a load of BS. Learn some real history. You're a clown.

    • @mrfroghello
      @mrfroghello 3 месяца назад

      And now americans cant choose what gender they are lol

    • @jessiemeisenheimer8675
      @jessiemeisenheimer8675 3 месяца назад

      That's interesting the British army was considered to be one of best in the world at this time, second only to the French. Your comment is interesting considering the British were winning the majority of the battles before they had to fend off the Dutch, Spanish and French. Your comment is interesting considering George Washington hated using the militia. Famous quotes include "are these the men with which I am to defend America?" and "To rely upon militia is to lean upon a broken staff (walking stick). Yeah, I call bull on your statement.

    • @nickandres7829
      @nickandres7829 3 месяца назад

      Tell that to George Washington when he got his butt kicked up and down New York

    • @sksaddrakk5183
      @sksaddrakk5183 3 месяца назад

      Yes most British regulars did not know how to shoot a musket BEFORE they were enlisted. However, the drill sargeants made sure that at the end of boot camp they could do it blindfolded. The British were the only ones practicing the loading and firing of a musket with live ammunition. They were considered the finest line infantry in the world at the time. However, the colonists often used their hunting pieces in battle as they were familiar with them. Those often happened to be rifled guns with a better accuracy and hence they probably had an advantage in that respect. Having said that, frontloading rifles are a bastard to load as you need to force the bullet down the groves. So in a battle like the one depicted here, the colonists' higher accuracy and their knowledge of the terrain did them no good, as the battles were fought on short distances, which negated their advantages and tilted the tide of battle to the British's side. Only when the colonists started using ambush tactics (or as we call it today 'asymmetrical warfare') they gained the upper hand.