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Rigor mortis: Existing rigor mortis✊🏻 may be broken down while removing the body from the scene of crime to the mortuary, which may cause error in interpretation of time since death. 🕰️ Rigor affecting the heart🫀 may simulate hypertrophy of the heart.💓

Heat Effects🔥 Heat applied to the skin of a dead body may loosen the epidermis from the dermis and produce a 💢postmortem blister. Heat hematoma may simulate extradural hemorrhage.🛑 An unburnt groove around the neck due to a tight collar may resemble a ligature mark.📿 Fat droplets🫧 may be found in the pulmonary vessels 🫁which may be mistaken for antemortem pulmonary fat embolism.👁️‍🗨️ Heat ruptures may resemble lacerated or incised wounds💢

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Simon's sign * Simon's bleeding or Simon's haem-orrhage or Simon's sign Axel Simon, 1968 It is a sign seen at autopsy in a case of complete hanging, in which there is bleeding 🩸🩸🩸🩸or haemorrhage on the anterior aspect of intervertebral discs beneath anterior longitudinal ligament in the region of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.🧇 * More frequent in bodies of younger people suspended for long time. • Appearance at autopsy: Dark🔵🔴🔵🟣 red to violet horizontal lines➖➖➖ at intervertebral discs beneath anterior longitudinal ligament. * Mechanism of development: Free suspension of body → over-stretching of the spine + agonal spasms + decorticate rigidity with extension of the trunk and lower extremities → stretching and tearing of small vessels within the disc. * MLA: It is no more ❌considered pathognomonic of hanging because it can also occur in other conditions, for example vehicular accidents, 🚘fall from height, drowning, blunt trauma to the back of trunk, and even as a postmortem artifact in decomposed bodies.🔴

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Exhumation is the retrieval of a previously buried body for post-mortem examination. 👤 This is usually followed by a first autopsy or a re-autopsy following new information. 💡 The term 'exhumation' is usually applied to the removal of a body 👤buried in a legitimate fashion in a cemetery or graveyard🏴 (inhumation), rather than the recovery of an uncoffined, ⚰️clandestinely buried victim of a suspicious death. 🪦 The latter is really a true 'scene of crime' and the pathologist should treat it as such.👩🏼‍⚕️ Exhumations are required for one of the following reasons:❓ Where all or part of a graveyard🪦 has to be moved for some development of the ground. Often no special examination of each body is made unless there is some historical or anthropological interest.🔬 Where some civil legal matter needs to be investigated, such as personal injuries for insurance or civil litigation for negligence 💡- usually after a road, industrial or other accident.🛺🚘🚍 Where new information or substantiated allegations arise to suggest that a death was due to criminal action, 🥷🏻either from injury or poison. In ancient or historical circumstances to investigate either the individual or a series of individuals for academic interest. 👩🏼‍⚕️ A number of such investigations have been carried out on medieval and later inhumations in England, 🇮🇸to study disease patterns and nutritional states in old populations - though many of these have been from dry vaults, rather than earth burials.👤 The legal procedures authorizing an exhumation do not concern us here, as they vary greatly from country to country. 🗽 In all jurisdictions, however, there must be strict safeguards to identify the grave ⚰️and the coffin, so that no mistake can be made. The grave must be positively identited by the cemetery authorities by reference to plans and records: an official must personally point out the grave to be opened.👩🏻‍🚒 Traditionally, exhumations are carried out at dawn but, except to avoid spectators and publicity, 🎙️there is no real need to stumble about in a dark cemetery before first light. A better plan is for the grave to be dug down to just above coffin level by a mechanical digger or workmen on the previous day so that, the following morning, the police, coroner, pathologist and others can arrive in time to see the final exposure of the coffin. ⚰️ The coffin nameplate must be cleaned and read to confirm the identity, and, if possible, the funeral director who carried out the original burial should be present to identify the coffin and the plate🪙🪦 If there is a suspicion of 💊poisoning, samples of earth🌎 should have been taken from the surface of the grave, 🪦from other parts of the cemetery and from immediately above the coffin. When the coffin has been removed, further samples should be obtained from the sides and beneath the coffin, but these matters will usually be attended to by forensic 🧑🏽‍⚕️scientists. When the coffin is lifted to the graveside it is as well for the lid to be loosened a little by slackening the holding screws or prising the lid loose. ⚙️🔩 This allows foul gases to escape into the open air, rather than in the mortuary.🌫️🌬️ The coffin is then transported to the mortuary; if it is in a bad state of decay, it may have to be supported on a rigid base such as a trestle, or placed inside an extra large coffin or fibreglass shell. Excess earth and mud should be removed before transportation to avoid excessive fouling of the autopsy room🌬️ Where criminal action is suspected or has been alleged, a full photographic record 📽️must be kept (🚔usually by the police) of every stage from identification of the grave to the findings during the autopsy. At the mortuary, the coffin lid⚰️ should be completely removed and the contents again identified, if possible by the funeral director who originally buried the body. He can again confirm the coffin plate, but also identify the internal coffin fittings, such as fabrics and shroud.🥼👚 When the body has not been buried for too long, he may be able to identify the features of the corpse from personal knowledge.🤡 If poisoning is suspected😈, samples of the shroud, coffin trimming and any loose material such as packing or fluid 💧💦should be retained for analysis. The body is then removed, undressed and a full autopsy carried out, as far as the condition of the body allows. Putrefaction, adipocere and mummification complicate the examination - sometimes, all three may be present in the same body.👤 The pathologist is sometimes asked by the authorities or by lawyers whether a proposed exhumation is worth carrying out, because of doubts about the usefulness of the result. Certainly the balance between the potential advantages must be weighed against the cost, publicity and distress to relatives that might be caused. 📽️ In general, however, it is surprising how much information may be gained even when the body has been buried for many months or even a few years . Much will depend on the actual environment of the grave: Even negative information gained at exhumation, such as the absence of alleged or suspected fractures, may be of considerable legal value. Some poisons, especially heavy metals, ⚙️may persist for many years in a buried body and be detectable at exhumation 118 Even many organic chemicals may survive for a long time 119-124 In all cases of suspected poisoning, it is vital that ample control samples are taken from the grave and its surroundings, to avoid the later accusation that any abnormal substances found were environmental artefacts or were unassociated with the corpse.👤

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Nice explanation