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Bill Sutherland's Conservation Concepts
Добавлен 2 апр 2024
I am a conservation scientist determined to improve the planet. Each short video will explain an ecological concept and describe why it is important for conservation. My hope is to increase the understanding of the natural world and aid people who want to protect it. Hope you find these interesting and enjoyable and that you find ways of making a difference.
Hooper's Rule: ageing hedges
This hedge, Judith’s Hedge, is thought to be over 900 years old. Judith was the niece of William the Conqueror.
Max Hooper counted the number of trees and shrubs in standard surveys of 30 yards - 27.5 metres - in 227 hedges whose age he knew. The main correlation was with age.
There seem to be three main reasons for this.
1.Hedges accumulate species with time. The maple is the video is a poor colonisers and rarely planted.
2.Older hedges are more likely to have natural elements so start by being mixed. This hedge is thought to include remnants of Monks Wood ancient wood. The wild service tree shown in the video is typical of ancient woods and may well have been part of that woodland
3. Old...
Max Hooper counted the number of trees and shrubs in standard surveys of 30 yards - 27.5 metres - in 227 hedges whose age he knew. The main correlation was with age.
There seem to be three main reasons for this.
1.Hedges accumulate species with time. The maple is the video is a poor colonisers and rarely planted.
2.Older hedges are more likely to have natural elements so start by being mixed. This hedge is thought to include remnants of Monks Wood ancient wood. The wild service tree shown in the video is typical of ancient woods and may well have been part of that woodland
3. Old...
Просмотров: 1 449
Видео
The seed disperser crisis
Просмотров 43812 часов назад
Many large dispersers, such as the giant ground sloth that dispersed avocados, went extinct thousands of years ago. It is suggested that these are called anacronistic fruit (even through the avocado is technically a berry) as their main disperser has gone extinct. The seed disperser crisis describes the current loss of disperser: many medium sided dispersers, such as primates, hornbills, parrot...
Natural regeneration of woods
Просмотров 627День назад
How a barley field was colonised through seeds being dispersed by wind and animals. After sixty years, Tim Sparks' study has shown that many of the oaks are over a metre in diameter.
Ocean warming and acidification
Просмотров 23514 дней назад
Ocean warming is likely to result in kelp forest retreating from warmer areas and replaced by coral reefs. However, when combined with increased acidicication, due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, then is likely to be replaced by algal turf. Agostini, S. et al. (2021) Simplification, not “tropicalization”, of temperate marine ecosystems under ocean warming and acidification. Glob ...
The tragedy of the commons
Просмотров 23121 день назад
Single ownership produces an incentive to manage resources sustainably. Many common ownerships are over exploited, such as very many fisheries. However many local communities do manage resources sustainably.
Ecological stability, cycles and chaos
Просмотров 18921 день назад
A simple model in which populations increase but the growth is reduced at high levels (known as density dependence) produces a remarkable range of different outcomes. If the growth is slow it reaches a stable population, if faster it again reaches a stable population but might bounce up and down a bit first (damped oscilations), if faster still it may go repeatedly from low to high levels (cycl...
Keystone species
Просмотров 230Месяц назад
Keystones are the often small wedge-shaped stones that stop arches from collapsing. Keystone species are those that have a disproportionate impact on the community.
Ecological catastrophes:
Просмотров 354Месяц назад
Catastrophes often have devestating humanitarian consequences but can also have ecological consequences. The landslip about 6200 BC, off south-west Norway, the Storegga Slide. This resulted in a huge wave, a tsunami, that was 30m high and travelled at 100 km an hour when it hit Shetland and 3-6 m high on the east coast of Scotland and Northumberland. Russ Lande showed how ecological catastrophe...
Exponential growth
Просмотров 370Месяц назад
Exponential growth is a key concept in ecology but the term is often musused or misunderstood.
Food chains and food webs
Просмотров 525Месяц назад
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed - it has to go somewhere. In food chains, each layer, it can decompose, it can be lost as heat as the organism does work, such as grows, or it can be eaten. Furthermore, each animal stage is generally larger and fiercier as need to quell their prey. The first law of thermodynamics and the need to be able to captur...
Regenerative agriculture
Просмотров 1,9 тыс.2 месяца назад
With increase concerns about managing for soils, water, nature and society, there is increasing interest in regenerative agriculture that restores the land. Marina O'Connell's Huxhams Cross Farm shows the power of this way of thinking.
Host-jumping pathogens: the amazing story of oak mildew
Просмотров 4952 месяца назад
The dusty white coating on oak trees, oak powdery mildew has a remarkable history and may be reducing the capacity of seedling to regenerate and increase mortality of mature trees in droughts. Suprisingly oak powdery mildew Erysiphe alphitoides, is a relative newcomer. It first appeared on oaks in Europe early in the 20th century, spread rapidly and is now global. Remarkably, it host-jumped fro...
Conserving shorebird roosts
Просмотров 2752 месяца назад
Many species roost communally, such as birds, monarch butterflies and bats. Shorebirds as an example are dependent on roosts, but these can be created.
The physics and ecology of tides
Просмотров 2582 месяца назад
As worked out by Issac Newton, the pattern of tides depend on the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun. The pull of gravity is proportional to the mass of the object divided by the distance away squared. So the Moon has more gravitational pull as, although smaller, is closer, and distance matters more. With the Moon and Sun in line they pull the water - so the water is oval shaped. Then a...
Saving plants through citizen science
Просмотров 2383 месяца назад
Breckland in eastern England holds a range of plants that are rare in Britain. The Breckland Floral Group is a set of volunteers who carry out surveys to look at the status, reasaons for changes and response to actions. This video shows surveys for red-tipped cudweed Filago lutescens These studies show how some species are more abundant than previously thought but that others, such as sand catc...
Chalk stream ecology and conservation
Просмотров 3503 месяца назад
Chalk stream ecology and conservation
Forest dynamics plots: monitoring change
Просмотров 1543 месяца назад
Forest dynamics plots: monitoring change
Managing archaelogical sites for conservation
Просмотров 1503 месяца назад
Managing archaelogical sites for conservation
Urban ecology: community conservation
Просмотров 1703 месяца назад
Urban ecology: community conservation
Clemensian and Gleasonian succession
Просмотров 5984 месяца назад
Clemensian and Gleasonian succession
Bird predation and vegetation structure
Просмотров 2704 месяца назад
Bird predation and vegetation structure
This is wonderful, and also rather saddening in many ways - firstly, it is wonderful to learn so much more about the increasingly few hedges around, and also saddening that in the line below there is an ad [paid for I'm assuming anyway] for a review of the new Toyota Land Cruiser - this has 1,000 views, the ad has more than 300 times that. What is wrong with people that makes them look at a car advert more than learn about these fascinating and living entities. Personally, I will watch this many time, and I doubt I shall see the car one at all. Than you, Bill, for this wonderful post.
I been dispersing chestnuts last week, hope that a few make it into a tree.
The stunningly good RUclips algorithm brought me here. Love old woods, hedgerows & trackways. I knew about Hooper's Rule but not the other indicators - thanks for the insight 👍
Very nice videos. All the videos on your channel are great. I like them. But your channel is not monetized. As a digital marketer, I can monetize your channel. Please let me know your opinion on this. Thank you.
Wow Nice Video
I used to be a gardener by trade, now a home gardener with a 2 acre garden, which was a clean slate when I moved in. Since I'd previously been responsible for maintaining hedges consisting of a single species (Holly, Leylandii, Beech) - No. Way. Was I going to plant a single species hedge all around this property. The most important feature of the hedge is security, to keep both a nosey neighbour and neighbouring cattle 'out,' so thorns and prickles are spread throughout: Hawthorn, Sloe, Scotch Briar, Dog Rose, Gorse, Pyracantha. To this, I added Hazel, Birch, Alder, Oak, Beech, Rowan, Raspberry, Cytisus, Guelder Rose, Apples grown from pips, Spiraea, Symphoricarpus, Holly, a Laurel, Goat Willow, a Sycamore, Salix alba, and likely a few others I've forgotten. It just makes it so much more interesting if you have a hedgerow that contains all manner of things that you can look at as you go along. It changes the way you prune from plant to plant, and I like to have some trees stand a bit higher than everything else. Last year, while I was working near the hedge (which finally grew sufficiently to fill the gaps a few years ago), I could hear a continual scurrying, scampering, fluttering and rustling of creatures using it as a highway from one woodland to another. It's just remarkable how much wildlife use it now, whereas 20 years ago there was nothing at all, just a load of posts and wire fence. And it does add to the overall environment a lot. Of course, the shelter changes everything, the leaves fall and add to the soil and insects, the flowers for bees, berries for anything that will have them, overgrown twigs for brash heaps. It's endlessly giving. Wild flowers have moved in - Bluebells, Wood Sorrel, and an Alkanet. Plus a few species of little brown toadstools (I can never remember their names). Birds aren't nesting in there yet (as far as I can make out), but I'm quite sure it won't be long.
A soil surveyor once told me that hedges often marked changes in soil type.
There is some I do know, and much more I don't, and that falls into the letter category. Thanks, and I will be even more vigilant when looking at hedges in the future.
The only really good thing about 'Hooper's Rule' is that it encourages people to take a closer look at hedges. That written, there are simply too many variables to make it of any worth. Interesting hedge trivia: the 'Great Hedge' in British India was a real thousand mile long customs barrier. 👍
Thanks for this unique, interesting content
And local lore - if there's a legend attached such as with Judith's Hedge there's a good chance it's true. And please don't apologise for the yard - the metre is an interloper
Interesting. Not exactly Erath-shattering, but still a good vid-- to the point without a lot a fluff. Thanks.
yr 1070 hedge # of species
🦕🦖
🌳🥑
Great explanation :)
Thanks! Erica is a star!
I am the very proud owner of several acres of woodland. Half of it is old, with large oaks and lots of hazels, and half is what I call the 'jungly bit" with alders, willow and birches which are not more than 40 years old. This autumn I see that within the 'jungly bit' there are one-and-two-year old oak seedlings regenerating naturally. I assume I have the local gun club to thank. I surmise that, in the absence of deer and given enough light through the jungle canopy, these will eventually dominate the jungly bit too.
It sounds lovely. Must be interesting watching these changes. Sounds as if will gradually change.
This is great, lovely to be taken into Monks Wood and hear some of the history and natural history. It would be great to hear more thoughts on the 'deer problem' too.
Thanks Chris. Did another on the ancient hedge there. Haven't looked at the deer studies in detail. I know various studies in Scotland have shown the deer densities for regeneration to occur and I think these are quite low - but not claiming any expertese here.
The result looks great! The adjacent old-growth forest did a lot of work there. Where I live a forest like this would unfortunately probably be mainly populated by Ailanthus altissima and Robinia instead of native species :/ Without the adjacent forest, I assume it would've become some sort of a grassland with occasional bushes. What do you think about dispersing appropriate seeds on purpose (not in lines but somewhat randomly distributed) but not actively planting seedlings to regenerate a forest?
Agree that, as Tim says, a seed source is important. Our forest synopsis found just one study on adding tree seeds. Good luck www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1244
Thanks Darren. Much enjoyed this collaboration. Did another on ancient hedges that will show next week.
Good to see part of Monk's Wood (and Tim Sparks) thriving! Thanks Bill
Thanks Neil. Tim was on very good form. Was a really interesting morning.
Fascinating stuff. Thanks, Bill and Tim
Wonderful video Bill! I just did an assignment on ocean acidification and was quite horrified to learn that ocean plastics could lead to increased acidity in the long-term too. Beautiful location by the way - looking forward to the next video!
Thanks Georgie. These natural acidification experiments seem really interesting. Next video is about avocados and giant ground sloths!
Brilliant insights throughout. Many thanks, Tony.
Thanks Tony, was fun to do and think how to explain. Good luck.
Excellent Bill, snorkelling memories😁- I'm enjoying your informal - and informative - videos ! All the best, J
Glad you are enjoying them Jonathan. I wonder if our childhood trips to Polperro was my first snorkelling in the sea. Good days!
What an interesting coastal area!
Many thanks. All occured by chance with being sent the paper, told the story of the kelp loss and then realised you could see the Izu Island and the marine station from that rock, from which could snorkel. If quick you can see a parrot fish who wa unusually camera shy.
Hi Bill, I just wanted to say THANK YOU for making these amazing videos. I am studying my MSc in Biodiversity, Conservation and Nature Recovery and your channel was recommended by my programme leader. They are invaluable as a resource - I've spent the morning going back to the very beginning and watching them all. I'll recommend everyone on my course to watch them too. Thank you again!
@@GeorgieoftheJungle many thanks. Delighted you find them useful and really pleased it was recommended (sounds like a great course…). Doing Tragedy of the Commons next. Good luck with your MSc. Bill
very well explained it was easy to follow along!
Many thanks Tarek. Explaining physics in the dark was a challenge!
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Thanks. Got the example from Twitter - will credit later today. Hope you enjoyed the cyclist!
Very interesting, thanks! Fantastic example.
Interesting concept profoundly relevant at a time when the relative climatic stability of the Holocene is being catastrophically destabilised at an accerating rate such that what were once infrequent or rare catastrophic weather events appear now to be becoming alarmingly commonplace. I fear the resulting localised extinction effects from these will be greatly exacerbated when superimposed on what are already fragile, degraded and depauperate ecosystems from years of human over-expoitation and mis-management. Hate to be pessimistic but I can't help feeling that the future for wildlife and humanity looks extremely bleak indeed. I have learned the hard way that ecology is not the best profession for a depressive!
Thanks so much sir ❤
You are very welcome. Glad you found it useful.
Thank you for continuing this series! :)
Thanks. I enjoy doing them. Bill
Now if only there was an easy way to encourage exponential growth in the spread of valuable knowledge, so that enough people see and learn from this... #forTheAlgorithm
Indeed!
So what’s the outcome? Sounds like it needs some liaison with a local farmer to cultivate those rides in the autumn.
@@outoftownr3906 Absolutely! Forestry England were part of the survey and manage the land. I am sure they will deal with this.
The fens are prime grade 1 agricultural land unfortunately so a big no no to re wild apart from the Great Fen Project linking 3 National Nature Reserves with in fill rewilding. Surprised Cranes weren’t on the banquet list for Liz 😂
Its all common sense & something that’s showing green shoots in the agricultural world.