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Buddhist Gem Fellowship
Малайзия
Добавлен 18 дек 2016
Buddhist Gem Fellowship or BGF started in the 1980s as a graduate fellowship. A group of young graduates formed a non-profit volunteer organization to promote the growth of Dhamma and create a better world for all beings. In 1989, BGF was established.
Our VISION is to be the catalyst for the transformation of the Buddhist Community for the growth of the Buddha Sasana. Our MISSION is to bring about the transformation of the Buddhist community through its many innovative and cutting edge programmes.
Our VISION is to be the catalyst for the transformation of the Buddhist Community for the growth of the Buddha Sasana. Our MISSION is to bring about the transformation of the Buddhist community through its many innovative and cutting edge programmes.
[ADS01-3] 语业有四 4 Types of Wrong Speech
佛法101 (Dhamma 101)
Dasa Akusala Kamma (Ten Unwholesome Deeds)
Hokkien Talk by Ariya Dassana Bhikkhu
Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
Dasa Akusala Kamma (Ten Unwholesome Deeds)
Hokkien Talk by Ariya Dassana Bhikkhu
Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
Просмотров: 59
Видео
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Saṇṭhāna Mada
Просмотров 179 часов назад
Organized by Mahindarama Buddhist Temple
[CDM01-3] Is mother's love truly Unconditional?
Просмотров 18214 часов назад
HOW METTA CAN CHANGE YOUR LIFE? GEM Dhamma Lounge with Bhante Dr. G Chandima hosted by Datuk Seri Dr. Victor Wee Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
How To Protect Yourself from the 10 Armies of MARA by Bhante Dr G Chandima 20241109
Просмотров 37514 часов назад
Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship. Bhante Dr Gangodawila Chandima is an Associate Editor of the Journal of International Buddhist Studies at the Buddhist Research Institute of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University in Thailand and a research scholar at the Ronin Institute in USA. His research focuses on Theravada Sutta, Abhidhamma & Buddhist ethnics. He was formerly a research fellow at t...
[ADS01-2] 什么时杀生是无效
Просмотров 7919 часов назад
佛法101 (Dhamma 101) Dasa Akusala Kamma (Ten Unwholesome Deeds) Hokkien Talk by Ariya Dassana Bhikkhu Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Pariṇāha Mada
Просмотров 29День назад
Organized by Mahindarama Buddhist Temple
[CDM01-2] Metta across the spectrum
Просмотров 198День назад
HOW METTA CAN CHANGE YOUR LIFE? GEM Dhamma Lounge with Bhante Dr. G Chandima hosted by Datuk Seri Dr. Victor Wee Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
[ADS01-1] 十恶业 (10 Unwholesome Deeds)
Просмотров 19814 дней назад
佛法101 (Dhamma 101) Dasa Akusala Kamma (Ten Unwholesome Deeds) Hokkien Talk by Ariya Dassana Bhikkhu Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Āroha Mada
Просмотров 6214 дней назад
Organized by Mahindarama Buddhist Temple
Robe Offering @BGF 2024 with Bhante Dr. Dhammapala
Просмотров 41514 дней назад
Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
[CDM01-1] Commitment Consistency Innovation
Просмотров 43814 дней назад
HOW METTA CAN CHANGE YOUR LIFE? GEM Dhamma Lounge with Bhante Dr. G Chandima hosted by Datuk Seri Dr. Victor Wee Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
Arising the Faith in Buddhism by Dr Lim Tuck Meng 20241027
Просмотров 18121 день назад
Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship. Synopsis: Faith plays a crucial role in religious beliefs, acting as a driving force behind commitment and confidence. In Buddhism, faith is highly valued, as highlighted by Nagarjuna in the Mahaprajnaparamita Sastra, “In the ocean of Buddha Dharma, faith will allow the entry, wisdom will complete the crossing.” While faith is essential, it is not the sole ...
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Sippa Mada
Просмотров 4621 день назад
Organized by Mahindarama Buddhist Temple
[ADS01-5] 什么阻我们的进步
佛法101 (Dhamma 101) Dasa Akusala Kamma (Ten Unwholesome Deeds) Hokkien Talk by Ariya Dassana Bhikkhu Organized by Buddhist Gem Fellowship
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Jhāna Mada
Просмотров 39Месяц назад
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Jhāna Mada
How Can You Seek and Receive Support from Devas by Bhante Dr G Chandima 20241016
Просмотров 832Месяц назад
How Can You Seek and Receive Support from Devas by Bhante Dr G Chandima 20241016
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Sīla Mada
Просмотров 96Месяц назад
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Sīla Mada
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Yasa Mada
Просмотров 58Месяц назад
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Yasa Mada
The Heart of the Perfection of Wisdom by Master Ruguang 20240929
Просмотров 421Месяц назад
The Heart of the Perfection of Wisdom by Master Ruguang 20240929
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Iddhi Mada
Просмотров 59Месяц назад
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Iddhi Mada
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Iriyāpatha Mada
Просмотров 82Месяц назад
27 Types of Infatuations Meditation Retreat With Bhante Dr. G. Chandima: Iriyāpatha Mada
[GBK05] Last Thought Moment - S. Dhammika
Просмотров 458Месяц назад
[GBK05] Last Thought Moment - S. Dhammika
Mother's love discussing two mens..🤷🏻
😂😂😂😂😂👍😎
Sadhu
🪔🙏🧘♂️
Sadhu (3x)🙏🙏🙏
sadhu sadhu sadhu
Sadhu (3x) 🙏🙏🙏
Sadhu (3x)
Great series. It says there's 16 videos, but 6 unavailable videos are hidden. I am unable to watch MSJ11-16. It stops at MSJ10 Exploring Sri Lanka.
well said
sadhu sadhu sadhu
I thought lord Buddha will not visit earth anymore until that day I met him via spiritual channelling ...
APOSTOLIC VLADIMER ECONOMIC PHILIPPINES DRUGS SYSTEM PLANETARYA ACCURATE CUMMUNITY VP PRESIDENT MELITARY
🌺🙏🌺🙏🌺🙏
❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
The Buddha said don’t go by your teachers just beacause they said it,but by your own insight into greed, hate and delusion. Read the salhasutta
Anumodana Bhante🙏🙏🙏
Thanks!
Anumodana Dr Mehm Tin Mon🙏
Hi Bhante - like your Dharma talks with logical arguments and reasoning ❤
Sadhu (3x)🙏🙏🙏
With due respect to the venerable speaker but his pronunciation and English is no good. Could anyone let us know the name of the sutra that list the 25 ways if "correct" meditation? I tried listening many times and he said " soomyuta agami". Tried searching online but did not get much or anything close to the '25 ways to get home'. Compassionate people, please help!😅
Thanks you for your guidance. 🙏🙏🙏
Thank you so much Ajahn. May we all find real happiness
I like your respect for the Dharma. :)
Namo Amituofo
Sadhu Sadhu Sadhu Anumodana
I have heard beings who are reborn in the ghost realm (especially because of their attachment to family etc.) roam around them. The living do some meritorious acts (especially what the departed would usually rejoice) and transfer merit. Since these beings are around they see these acts of kindness towards them and rejoice. Once they have a rejoicing happy mins they can exist the ghost realm.
Excellent explanation Bhante! Sadhu Sadhu Sadhu Anumodana!
Very good and useful. To be strongly recommended to Buddhists who has a lot of negative emotions. Sadhu. ANUMODANA! 🙏🏻
Here’s a summary of Dr. Phang Cheng Kar’s sharing in 12 main points: 1. **Introduction to Conditionality**: Dr. Phang explains the Buddhist principles of Idappaccayatā and Paticcasamuppāda, teaching that all phenomena, including emotions, arise and cease due to causes and conditions. 2. **Key Principles in Buddhism**: Connects conditionality to broader teachings, particularly the cycle of rebirth and suffering through the 12 links of dependent origination. 3. **Artistic Representations**: Utilizes Buddhist art to depict key concepts such as ignorance (represented by a blind man) and karma (illustrated by a potter), elucidating the cycle of rebirth and causality. 4. **Senses & Contact**: Discusses how the six senses, including the mind, interact with the world, initiating contact that triggers sequences of thoughts, bodily reactions, emotional responses, and behaviors. 5. **Emotions & Feelings**: Distinguishes between basic feelings - vedana (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral) and complex emotions (such as craving and clinging), showing the progression from sensations to emotions. 6. **Interconnectedness of Causes**: Attributes the complexity of emotional states to a web of multiple causes and conditions, including wisdom, personality, biology, behavior, environment, social support, and past experiences. 7. **Relating to Western Psychology**: Aligns Buddhist principles with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), showcasing how thoughts, feelings/emotions, physical sensations, and behaviors interact. 8. **Mapping Emotions Exercise**: Introduces a practical mapping exercise, encouraging participants to chart their emotional experiences including thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, external triggers, environmental factors, and past experiences (7 parts). 9. **Mindful Mirror on the Wall**: Dr. Phang introduces a reflective practice called "Mindful Mirror on the Wall" to help viewers understand and map their emotional landscape by examining the causes and conditions of their emotions. 10. **Why Like This One?**: Frequently uses the phrase "Why like this one?" to prompt viewers to consider the underlying causes and conditions for their emotional states, reinforcing the concept of 'inter-sependent co-arising' in daily life. 11. **Simile of LEGO & Chains**: Explains emotional complexity using similes-emotions as LEGO formations and their causes as chains-emphasizing that different combinations produce distinct emotions and illustrating the interconnected nature of emotional triggers. 12. **Summary & Song**: Concludes with songs that encapsulate the teachings, reinforcing the interconnectedness and causality of emotional states, and providing a memorable summary of the principles discussed.
Here are the 12 key points from "INSIDE OUT 3 (Part 3/3) | Transforming Negative Emotions | Dr. Phang Cheng Kar 25 Aug 2024": 1. **Interdependence of Emotions (00:01 - 00:40)**: Emotions arise from many causes and conditions. To transform them effectively, it’s essential to identify personal, specific causes rather than relying solely on general methods. 2. **Thought-based Approach (01:28 - 02:16)**: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) focuses on changing thoughts to influence emotions. Different thought patterns, like anxiety or anger, affect how we respond emotionally to the same situation. 3. **Cognitive Traps (04:28 - 06:20)**: Patterns of thinking, such as catastrophic thinking, discounting positives, unfair comparisons, and perfectionism, contribute to stress, anxiety, and depression. Recognizing these traps is the first step toward transformation. 4. **Body-based Approach (08:12 - 09:48)**: Physical factors like allergies or muscular tension can impact mood. Simple methods, such as taking medications or doing mindful body stretching, can alleviate physical symptoms and improve emotional well-being. 5. **Mindful Body Practices (09:08 - 11:03)**: Techniques like mindful body stretching and gentle physical soothing (e.g., placing hands on and massaging tense areas) can relax the body and, in turn, calm the mind. 6. **Wisdom-based Coping Statements (12:12 - 13:08)**: Five coping statements derived from Buddhist teachings-"What have I learned?", "I’m not alone," "It could have been worse," "What can I do?", and "This shall also pass"-can help reframe emotions and foster resilience. 7. *Song as a Reminder (14:05 - 17:16)**: Songs, like *"This Shall Pass," can serve as powerful reminders of impermanence, helping us stay grounded when emotions are overwhelming. Inspirational music is used as a tool for emotional regulation. 8. **Behavior-based Approach (18:10 - 19:36)**: Some emotional issues are best addressed through action. For example, overcoming a fear (like swimming) often requires gradual exposure rather than just changing thoughts or emotions. 9. **Mindfulness and Acceptance (20:27 - 21:42)**: Emotions can be overwhelming, but through mindfulness and acceptance, we can distance ourselves from them without denying their existence. Mindful and creative visualization, like imagining emotions as passing clouds, helps with detachment. 10. **Energy-based Methods (24:35 - 26:20)**: Techniques like Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) tapping, focusing on energy points, can transform negative emotional energy. These practices are rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture principles. 11. **Gratitude and Compassion (28:31 - 30:07)**: Cultivating gratitude and compassion, whether through journaling or singing, can help generate positive emotions. Focusing on blessings before bed or throughout the day builds emotional resilience and joy. 12. **Expressing Emotions through NVC (32:22 - 35:04)**: Nonviolent Communication (NVC) offers a structured way to express emotions in relationships by stating observations, feelings, needs, and making requests. This approach fosters empathy and helps resolve conflicts.
Sadhu Sadhu Sadhu
Happy birthday to you! May you live long! May the blessings of the Buddha be with you!
Thank you for posting, but why is everything in the playlist totally out of order?
AI has no awareness, mind and consciousness to experience, cognize and become wise. Multilingual will lead to multitranslation, multiinterpretation and multiconfusion.
Enjoyed this series on Venerable S. Dhammika's spiritual journey... Parts 11 to 16 are hidden... it says. Wonder whether this is a mistake....
Sadhu
Sadhu
I suspect this is a Judeo-Christian idea that has come through the new age movement and been misnomered as kamma.
"Vaccha, when a being sets this body aside and is not yet reborn in another body, I designate it as craving-sustained, for craving is its sustenance at that time." - SN 44.9
Collective karma is often illustrated in the Jataka Stories of the experience of the Arya Buddha, Sariputra and groups of followers, of their past lives and subsequent rebirths. If the Jataka, is taken to be part of the Tipitaka, then collective karma is also part of the Arya dharma teachings.
Happy B ' Day Ven. Thero.
Thank you for all the research and teaching Bhante. SADHU
Inside Out 3: Understanding Our Emotions Summary for children : Dr. Phang Cheng Kar gave a talk called "Inside Out 3," where he explained how we can understand our emotions better and learn to handle them. Here’s what he talked about: 1. *What the Talk is About* : Dr. Phang's talk had three parts: understanding what emotions are, how they work according to some Buddhist ideas, and ways to handle tough emotions. 2. *What Are Emotions?* : Emotions are strong feelings like happiness, anger, or sadness that can make us feel really good or really bad. In Buddhism, feelings are called "vedana" and can be pleasant (nice), unpleasant (not nice), or neutral (just okay). 3. *Emotions vs. Feelings* : Emotions are big feelings, like feeling super excited or very angry. "Vedana" in Buddhism talks about smaller feelings that can just be a bit nice, not nice, or just okay. 4. *How Emotions Work in Our Brains* : Our brain has a part called the amygdala, which is like a little alarm that goes off when we're scared or angry. When we practice mindfulness-like taking deep breaths-it can help calm down the amygdala and make us feel better. 5. *Basic Emotions Everyone Has* : There are six basic emotions that everyone around the world knows: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust. These feelings show on our faces, and people everywhere can easily recognize them. 6. *Emotions Can Be Complicated* : Sometimes, our feelings can mix together. For example, you might feel happy and sad at the same time if you're moving to a new house-excited about the new adventure but sad to leave your friends. 7. *Positive & Negative Emotions* : Some feelings make us feel good, like love and kindness, which help us connect with others. Other feelings, like anger or fear, can be harder to handle but also let us know when something’s wrong or needs attention. Can you think of a time when you felt really happy or scared? What happened? 8. *Why We Have Emotions* : Feelings are important because they help us survive and understand each other. They help us make friends, stay safe, and learn from what happens to us. 9. *Emotions vs. Moods* : Emotions happen at the moment, like when you feel happy because you got a good grade. Moods last longer, like when you feel happy for a whole day. If someone feels sad or angry for a long time, it could turn into a mood problem. 10. *How Emotions Affect Our Bodies* : Feelings don’t just stay in our minds-they can also affect our bodies. For example, your heart might beat faster if you're really happy. If you’re anxious, you might feel it in your stomach. This shows how connected our minds and bodies are. 11. *Feeling Happy for Others vs. Enjoying Their Misfortune* : Dr. Phang talked about "Empajoy," which means feeling happy when someone else is happy, like when your friend wins a game and you feel happy for them. He also mentioned "Schadenfreude," which is feeling happy when someone else has bad luck, like laughing if someone trips. But it’s kinder and better to feel "Empajoy." 12. *The Good Side of Negative Emotions* : Even feelings that seem bad, like sadness or anger, can be helpful. Sadness can make us think about what’s important to us, and anger can show us when something isn’t fair. *How to Use This Knowledge* : Next time you feel a big emotion, take a deep breath and ask yourself, "What am I feeling, and why?" Remember, all feelings are okay, and it’s good to talk about them with someone you trust.
Summary of the talk with 12 main points: 1. **𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 & 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗮𝗹𝗸 (00:32 - 01:20)**: Dr. Phang Cheng Kar introduces "Inside Out 3," focusing on transforming negative emotions using Buddhist principles and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The talk is divided into three parts: understanding emotions, Buddhist principles of conditionality, and methods to manage negative emotions. 📚🧘♂ 2. **𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (03:21 - 04:07)**: Emotions are defined as strong feelings such as love, anger, and joy. The word "emotion" comes from French and Latin, meaning to move or stir up, which differs from the Buddhist concept of "vedana," referring to pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral feelings. 💕😡😊 3. **𝗗𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 & 𝗙𝗲𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 (04:07 - 05:52)**: Emotions are described as intense and strong feelings, while in Buddhism, "vedana" refers to more subtle experiences, such as pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral sensations, highlighting the different interpretations of emotional experience in psychology and Buddhism. 🧠🕊 4. **𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 (10:09 - 12:18)**: Emotions have a biological foundation, primarily regulated by the limbic system in the brain, which includes the amygdala, responsible for processing emotions like anger and anxiety. Mindfulness practices can reduce amygdala activity and alleviate emotional distress. 🧬🧠 5. **𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 & 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 (13:07 - 15:04)**: According to Dr. Paul Ekman, six basic emotions-happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust-have universal facial expressions recognized across different cultures, indicating their fundamental nature in human experience. 😊😢😮😨😡🤢 6. **𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝘁𝘆 & 𝗟𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 (16:05 - 17:45)**: Emotions can be complex, involving primary and secondary emotions. For instance, someone may appear sad but could be experiencing deeper, underlying anger, demonstrating how emotions can be layered and multifaceted. 🎭🔍 7. **𝗣𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 & 𝗡𝗲𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 (18:26 - 22:17)**: Emotions can be categorized as positive or negative. Positive emotions, like loving-kindness and compassion, are linked to wholesome mental states and support spiritual and mental well-being. Negative emotions, such as anger and anxiety, can lead to mental health challenges and disorders. 🌟💔 8. **𝗙𝘂𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 (25:39 - 27:01)**: Emotions serve vital functions, including survival, communication, social bonding, motivation, and learning. They enable humans to respond to danger, empathize with others, build relationships, and drive behavior. 🛡🗣🤝 9. **𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 & 𝗠𝗼𝗼𝗱 (20:53 - 22:17)**: Emotions are defined as strong, short-lived feelings, whereas moods are sustained emotions that last longer. If a mood significantly disrupts a person's life, it may develop into a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. 🕰🔄 10. **𝗜𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗰𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝗣𝗵𝘆𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵 (27:55 - 29:46)**: Emotions are interconnected with physical health, as seen in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), where specific emotions are associated with particular organs. For example, joy is linked to the heart, and anger is associated with the liver, emphasizing the mind-body connection. 🏥🫀 11. **𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗷𝗼𝘆 & 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗳𝗿𝗲𝘂𝗱𝗲 (19:19 - 20:12)**: Dr. Phang introduces the term "Empajoy" to describe feeling joy for others' happiness, as a single word to encapsulate the Buddhist concept of "mudita" or sympathetic joy. In contrast, "Schadenfreude" is a German term for feeling pleasure in someone else's misfortune, highlighting different emotional responses to others' experiences. 😊😈 12. **𝗣𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗲𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 (30:26 - 31:15)**: Even emotions typically considered negative, like sadness and anger, can have constructive roles. Sadness can encourage reflection and introspection, while anger might signal unmet needs or boundaries, showing that emotions, even negative ones, can have functional value. 🌧💡
Sivaka Sutta (SN 36.21) also teaches that not everything which happens to us is caused by kamma. Some effects are caused by weather, phlegm, carelessness, assault etc.