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Great webinar.

Q. Ronald Marquez ESPCI-Total Energies: Thank you for your clear presentation. Are there differences in TRL of this process in comparisson to wood pyrolysis oils? A. (Sanna Tuomi) Is it easier to operate than wood pyrolysis oil processes? Producing crude bio-oil via fast pyrolysis of wood is a commercial process when the end product is considered to substitute heavy fuel oil. Such pyrolysis plants exist for example in Finland and the Netherlands. However, if the desired end product is drop-in transportation liquids, the crude bio-oil needs to undergo an upgrading process to qualify as such. Upgrading of crude bio-oil is currently one of the key R&D topics. Thus, transportation fuels production either via gasification or via fast pyrolysis routes are on a fairly similar TRL level.

Q. I wonder about if there is a way of cleaning between changing feedstock. For instance, what about impurities accumulated in the system when you change the production mode (from biomethane to biochar) A. (Sanna Tuomi) No cleaning efforts are considered to be needed when changing the feedstock. Of course when switching from waste feedstock to biomass feedstock, the biochar quality will be affected to some degree in the transition stage and needs to be checked.

Q. Is there regulatory complience and TRL5 Authority permitting documentation developed? (incl. REACH and EU Notified Body conformity assessment and audit)" A. (Sanna Tuomi) The operations at the Bioruukki Pilot Centre of VTT (where the gasification experiments take place) are governed by Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency and Espoo Environment Department. The environmental emissions are controlled according to the Finnish regulations. This covers all emissions to atmosphere, waste water and disposal of solid and liquid waste streams. VTT Bioruukki has been granted with an environmental permit by the local authorities as well as a permit for handling and storing of hazardous chemicals in larger quantities by the Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency. A separate permit for processing of waste to syngas in quantities larger than one tonne per year has been granted by the Regional State Administrative Agency. The quantity of biochar produced in the FlexSNG product will not exceed the one tonne per year limit set by the REACH regulation or PPORD so the biochar product is exempted from authorisation and restriction.

Q. What is the innovation content of the TRL5 FlexSNG versus the very large number of known gasification solutions on the market? A. (Sanna Tuomi) The innovation comes from the co-production of biochar alongside good-quality syngas. The current gasification solutions on the market aim at maximising the carbon conversion to gas while any carbon leftover is considered a nuisance. Our target is to optimise the conditions in the gasification process in co-production mode so that the biochar meets the quality specification for end use purposes, like soil amendment.

Q."What is the input feed capacity of the mentioned TRL5 large scale prototype and output biochar yield? A. (Sanna Tuomi) The biomass feed rate to the pressurised gasification pilot is around 100 kg/h and the target is to convert around 20% of the biomass carbon to biochar. Assuming a carbon content of 50 wt-% in dry matter and 10 wt-% moisture in the biomass feedstock, the output biochar yield would be around 9 kg/h in the pilot unit.

Q. Since biomass resoures are limited, do you think that e-methane would be a choice of future, and biomass will allocate for other uses? A. (Sacha Alberici) We can also combine electrolysis and gasification to make a flexible process which can utilise low-cost electricity when it is available and operate the plant with biomass alone when electricity is expensive. see our previos project #flexchx

Q. Since biomass resoures are limited, do you think that e-methane would be a choice of future, and biomass will allocate for other uses? A. (Sacha Alberici) I agree that e-methane will very likely play a key future role - but costs of production are currently very high and furthermore a scale-up would require significant production of renewable electricity to produce green H2 (and green CO2 - which of course biomethane can provide). Our view is that biomethane from biomass - both from AD and TG will likely provide greater volumes of biomethane. Of course, there will be choices on how best to utilise biomass resources to achieve greatest societal benefit. But our study did highlight that there is significant (waste/residue) feedstock available for use in the bioeconomy.

Q. What purity is requiered? A. (Fabbio Ruggeri) The system including the pre-treatment will be designed to account for all the contaminants with a proper arrangement without limitations. Further details can be disclosed under a dedicated technology NDA

Q. Last are tar and light hydrocarbons c2+ also an issue? A. (Fabbio Ruggeri) The system including the pre-treatment will be designed to account for all the contaminants with a proper arrangement without limitations. Further details can be disclosed under a dedicated technology NDA

Q. Does desulfurization mean hydrogen sulfide or are organic sulfur compounds also a concern? A. (Fabbio Ruggeri) All the sulphur compound should be accounted

Q. When you say deep desulfurization and dehalogenation what is the maximum content at the methanation reactor? A. (Fabbio Ruggeri) The system including the pre-treatment will be designed to account for all the contaminants with a proper arrangement without limitations. Further details can be disclosed under a dedicated technology NDA