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Good work. Couple of points - it's been shown that solar activity is a significant cause of tectonic and volcanic activity. Look up Toba. Now that was a monster. It's suggested the passage of Sholz's Star might have set it off, as well as spawning the nonsense about Nibiru.

Thank you so much for this! Investigating the geology of Thailand I was baffled by the flatness of this area and I couldn't find explanations anywhere. This video helped me a lot. So, if I understood correctly, this was a Mesozoic sedimentary basin that was completely uplifted, and that's why it continues to be mostly flat? Or does it have anything to do with the most recent type of rock in this basin? Thank you and keep up the good work!

Since you are talking about SE Asia, the Gulf of Tonkin / Yinggehai Basin / Song Hong Basin has a great deal to offer. A pull-apart basin with exceptionally high sedimentation rates and shale diapirism, on top of that the very real possibility that the 788 ka Australasian Tektite source crater measuring c. 43 km diameter, slumped to 100 km, is present in a chaotic seismic zone in the center of the basin. This basin has a lot to reveal.

"... recent fissures ... formed over the past decades ...", well that's quite a statement! - They are all much older = many 100's of years to many 1000's of years (many of which formed below the ice during the last ice age).

'Wadati' is the awkward pre-war 'Japanese-style' orthography, modern (Hepburn) spelling (and pronunciation) is 'Wadachi'

Dreams of Scottish independence are millions of years old!

great job, thank you for answering one of my hottest questions. For what does these volcano activity is great to use? to use zero carbon "fuel" for our lives... thank you so much, greetings Crissy

Very informative, and timely too. I've been watching the eruption there the last couple of days and this gives the context of it.

I’m a big fan of all your videos, but FYI it’s pronounced: RAKE-yahn-ace (more technically, /ˈreiːcaˌnɛːs/).

Back in the early 70's< I spent hours in lecture theatres learning what you just told me. Well done!

Great video :) Looking at the sea floor map, is that a failed rift to the west of Greenland?

Brilliant video!

Thank you

This is hardly science. It begins with the presumption that the earth has always been exactly the same size, and presumes subduction accordingly. At no point is there any discussion of the many problems with subduction theory. At no point is it acknowledged that everything here might be explained by a mere bunching of the plate, rather than subduction. This is the wide eyed repetition of old theories, nostalgic reverence, without any critical thought.

This is excellent, Rob.

Excellent explanation and level of detail, an instant follow, thank you.

Profesor Rob appears to lack an understanding of subduction processes, and is mistaking block train pulsation tectonic gravity anomaly signatures for a divers springboard 🤭

What about supervulcano Semilir on Java island? I read on google that the eruption happened in the Miocene era and the ignimbrites are thicker than Toba.

Isn't the ring of fire only for the area on the Pacific plate? While western to central Indonesia (Krakatau, Merapi, Tambora) is on the Indo Australian plate and the Sunda/Eurasian plate.

I find all your videos fascinating.

I have been looking at that area for a long time now. I love Google Earth. I can see so much like this. I call them crowns, and they look dangerous to me. Thank You for showing us. I had a feeling it was like that under there.

if i think of famous volcanoes, Krakatau/Anak Krakatau certainly is on the list, along with Lawetlatla (St Helens), Tambora, Sakurajima, Fuji, Vesuvius, Taal, Mayon, and more. but the Indonesian volcanoes? man, they're something else.

As insane as this sounds, a channeler (psychic) predicts there will be a massive rift in the Earth 🌍 at the "Indian line, Indian ocean" within the next couple of years which will release huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere impacting water supplies and causing large amounts of rain. Putting aside the validity of super natural predictions for a minute... Where could this place be? Could it be the rift emerging between the Indo-Australian plate? Or the Ninety East ridge in the Indian ocean? She specifically mentions a rift. What plates are pulling apart in the Indian ocean region?

Well made video. However, subduction as it is described by plate tectonics cannot be known because (with all due respect) it is not true; the Earth expanded and does not function under plate tectonics. There are countless evidences that have been accumulated since plate tectonics became the dominant model in geology that are strong proofs that the Earth expanded. For example, the Ontong Java Plateau is considered to have formed with Manihiki and Hikarangi Plateaus as a single unit near Australia, but this puts the oceanic plateaus far away from South America where, in Ecuador, the Pinon Formation is found which is also considered to have been part of the Ontong Java complex *and* is described as having to have formed *in place*, thus demonstrating that the Ontong Java Nui complex was both near Ecuador *and* Australia because the Pacific Ocean was not yet open in the Earth's expansion process. Another example is the region of the East Mariana Basin, thought to be the oldest crust in the Pacific, has core samples dated to tens of millions of years *after* (more recently, that is) samples taken from surrounding regions. This is documented in literature and completely ignored, in terms of accounting for it in the narrative of why plate tectonics is true, because it would mean the Pacific plate is not understood. Then there are enigmatic mountains like in central Australia (Alice Springs) that are described in literature as being unable to be described by plate tectonics as it is currently understood since they are at the center of a "plate" that should be undergoing mountain uplift at its boundary through the Wilson cycle, according to plate tectonics, and not at the center of the plate. It is very important for us to be able to allow for new evidence to come about without also accepting the dominant viewpoint proposed to explain the evidence, or else we become overrun with a singular possibility being weighed which will always weigh more than an unconsidered second possibility, regardless of which is actually true. Seafloor spreading is a good example of something that plate tectonics has staked claim to, but also is able to fit into expanding Earth models where the same evidence being presented as proof of subduction can be also presented as proof of nuances of the Earth's expansion process. In the case of plate tectonics, continental magnetic anomalies are largely ignored and are never publicly discussed with regard to the model because they are not used as evidence of plate tectonics directly. But these two are inseparably one aspect of Earth and cannot be analyzed separately because one component is convenient and helps give credence to the model while the other is cumbersome and difficult to explain, making it not even come up in any presentation on plate tectonics so that only those who are actively seeking the truth and not just any answer will recognize there is something missing. Others will fall for the partial analysis hook, line, and sinker, and live their whole lives never the wiser. Because continental magnetic anomalies are demonstrably shaped by current flows that were part and parcel to the Earth's expansion process, namely undercurrents below the crust that first built up pressure below continental shelf of the Earth (making the magnetic anomaly map as we see) and only after its pressures built up sufficiently was it able to fracture the crust and allow for the Earth's internal pressure to relieve and expansion to occur. A good example is the entirety of central Asia has currents that blatantly flowed through it imprinted in the magnetic anomaly map, literally branching off at a triangular wedge shape in Turkmenistan (the size of the country, in fact) where current flows went right and left. There are places where it can be found to have flowed inward in an eddy such as at the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly which was surrounded by current flow paths (including the one through central Asia). Plate tectonics is only true when it is the only model being considered. Most people know about flat earth theory, which is an easy opponent for plate tectonics, but few know about the expanding Earth theory in spite of it actually being in peer-reviewed technical papers even today (and being the actual reality of the situation tbh).

I like expanding earth theory for the general continental movements still, as the sea floor ages match that way. And other things similar to this for localised changes.

When I think of a famous volcano, Mt St Helens is the first to come to mind 'cause I heard it blow that morning on May 18, 1980 and my name is Helen S, lol.

Thank you so much Sir! I knew a little about mapping. But ,nowadays, as soon as I have time ,I watch your videos. After watching every video ,I get extremely grateful to you.

I recently discovered your channel and am enjoying all your videos so much, thank you! One view and I was a subscriber. For paleomagnetism I was curious to hear some remarks on how geomagnetic reversals are taken into account. I guess that reversals happen so quickly that field inclination is effectively stable over geologic time? And even if the field polarity is not, polarity differences are random and mostly irrelevant? Thank you for sharing you passion for geology.

Greetings from the BIG SKY of Montana.

I’m a new subscriber and wanted to thank you for the way you present your videos. I’m learning so much from you.

Thanks for the video Prof Butler. I know this is a question for which we might not have an answer yet, but I wonder what your take is: what was first, the chicken or the egg? does the subducting plate create tension, originating spreading ridges? or do the spreading ridges form first, due to some kind of mantle upwelling, which then pushes denser oceanic plates against more buoyant plates, causing them to subduct?

A very instructive lecture about possibly my favourite mountain. I shall look at it in a different light now (if the weather permits). Thank you. Do you know why the racehorse was named with a different spelling (Foinavon) from the mountain (Foinaven)? Do you suppose it just a mistake (thinking of the 'Avon' in Ben Avon in the Cairngorms)?

Just found your channel and enjoy learning from your videos.

Alternating rock crystal magnetic polarity alignment/orientation over time of the growing seabed at the North/South oceanic ridges suggests that magnetic polar reversal is a regular occurrence on our planet, and can be measured. 4 minute demonstration of the mechanism of action of a polar reversal can be seen at MarkoPL100 😊

great explanation, thank you. Easy to understand

Very informative videos.. keep going ❤👌

Thank you so much

Reptiles like monitor lizards and snakes seem to have less difficulty crossing the Wallace line to spread from Asia to New Guinea and Australia compared with mammals. Whereas marsupials aren't found on the Asian side of the line. I wonder what make reptiles like monitor lizards more adept in crossing biogeographical barriers.

Great video! I like the perspective

Sorry, but in my opinion we are looking at the wrong way of the working of plates. If science would look as the thicker layer is a magma river running underground in a channel. You could with messurements predict earthquakes. Even higher and lower ate predictable.

Excellent piece! Very clear research, great illustrations an excellent delivery. This is a classic! Thank you so much, especially for the correllation on seismic tomography and computing power. Very clear and amazing. O presume this was the method used to identify the two "blobs" of what once might have been Thea under Africa and the pacific ocean that have been reported recetly?

Excellent discussion of tectonics and biodiversity I have been reading a book on human evolution by Dr. Alice Roberts Your discussion works well with her evolutionary topics Very well done, thanks

what makes a subduction zone form? Is it a random thing or are there elements to the process that we know about?

Great info here - thank you. I feel Krakatoa is one of the reasons, that they are moving Jakarta over to Borneo (outside of the fact, that the city is sinking). Otherwise, I would think it would be easier just to migrate the city further inland.

Question is, does subduction drive plate tectonics, or does plate tectonics drive subduction. Sea floor spreading is clearly not driven by subduction ... so the actual driving mechanism of plate creation and plate destruction isn't subduction (its the result of ... what ... mantle plumes, mantle circulation ... be interesting to hear your thoughts on that.

You have a graphic error with ‘ones’, which should be zones. Love all your videos.

Traveling north from the Gulf of California in Mexico, there is ths Salton sea, then the San Joachim valley and further north, Tomales Bay. These crustal depressions represent a failed rift. The sense of movement along the San Andreas fault is strike slip as it meanders along this failed rift. There is nio evidence of subduction. The subduction hypothesis was floated a decade before Marie Tharp's map of the ocean floor was published and is at odds with the evidence of global expansion. Yes, continents have moved away from one another but none have collided. Zones of 'subduction' are much more likely to be zones of obduction. Amazon sells magnificent copies of Tharp's map in a 36" x 24" (900mm x 600mm) format, displaying breathtaking detail.

Playlist link for more videos in this series: ruclips.net/p/PLxvNbEa7Qws7fgAfOIHx9ax9TkTy84rS_&si=Ql7sdyreCvgUU0uB

I thought of Tambora first, then tobo, then taal

Ngeri kan bang?