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His car. Her car. Scottish Gaelic: A char. A car. Welsh: Ei gar. Ei char. You can see how the same thing could happen in Future English. As this video points out, pin = /phin/ (h should be superscript) and spin = /spin/. Similarly, in non-rhotic English, car = /kha:/ and scar = /ska:/. So his car = /hizka/ and her car = /h3:kha/. Imagine that in the future both ‘his' and 'her’ become reduced to an indeterminate vowel, ‘uh’ or /ə/. Then we would have /ə ka/ = his car, and /ə kha/ = her car.

Thank you so much for making this!!

I love brazilians having such a diverse culture has made you all Incredible people,i camt believe people in the world know us!!! Cymru am Byth!!!

Adorei o conteúdo, Rodolfo!

actually it comes from an ancient druids curse. nice video tho

Great video. Thanks

Nice lesson, thank you, but unfortunately very fast and with an irritating music in the background.

Very interesting. I've always (well, since I first starting learning Welsh) how and why mutations came about.

OH if Welsh NOW had some indication of gender in the nouns... Like French... but Beard is feminine and make up is masculine. path vs road...which is masculine or femine..there is no clue within the word. Like ion is always feminine in French... age one syllable, feminine, more than one, masculine. Rules make things easier.

In Calon Lan.... canu, ganu and chanu, aree all in the same line...

hangug-eoleu hal su issnayo? eoleu is a mutation of a sorts.

The closest thing I can think of in non Celtic languages is sandhi in Sanskrit

U did a great service to Wales and I hope u'll be honoured as one of the celebrities of the Welsh language of the 21st century for it

This is *so*helpful*. I've watched a couple of your videos now, and they've all been top. I don't want to sound entitled, but why did you stop?

It is absolute nonsense that any language feels the need to gender its nouns. Now, having both definite and indefinite articles, that's an absolute must. Strong and weak past tenses, that's 100% a mandatory feature of any respectable language. And I do think it's important that your pronouns should have nominative and oblique forms, while it's not necessary for the nouns themselves. But noun gender, that's just frippery.

Makes perfect sense. Still a pain in the butt but makes perfect sense.

Spot on re. the learning of gender. When I teach Welsh to people I never use those dreadful old lists labelled ‘’masc nouns” or “fem nouns”. They’re meaningless. What’s best is to keep playing with the word e.g with cadair you’d be playing on agreement words “Wyt ti’n hoffi’r gadair yna?” “Cadair fach yw hi” Mae’r gadair yna yn fwy na’r gadair hon.” etc etc. That way the learner learns the gender by default because they are making connections as to how the word behaves and how it affects the words around it.

I’ve grown up speaking Welsh my whole life and going to Welsh school but not even I know how to treiglo correctly, let alone which gender each word is.🤣 Like I would probably say “y tri car” and not “y tri char”.

Da iawn, diolch! 🎉

awesome and wholesome, well done

I know that l am late to the party but l wanted to say that was one of the best and most concise explanations of this subject that l have heard .Diolch yn fawr i chi

Diolch Diolch Diolch. I've been sooooooo frustrated that no Welsh person can explain why mutations exist. This has helped me so much!

Were the rules for mutations deliberately written to mess with people trying to learn the language? Mutations and plurals in Welsh will drive me insane!

This was brilliantly made and very informative! Keep it up!

This is a brilliant explanation. Thank you so much! I knew mutations had to make sense somehow but this is the first sensible explanation I have come across. Diolch yn fawr!

Welsh is a beautifully complex language to learn. I have a head start because I have a Welsh accent unlike the presenter of this video.

Thank you so much for this! It can be demotivating as a learner to not understand why these seemingly random changes are happening, so to have a video explaining it concisely and understandably is everything I could have hoped for. you've earned a like ;)

Mutations are not particular to Welsh. Gaeilge (Ireland), Gaelic (Scotland}, Gaelg. Isle of Man) also use mutatons In Gaeilge, which with I m most familiar: An Cat An Chait - of the cat An ngCat - to /for the the cat Na cait - the cats Na ngat- of the cats A cat - his cat A chat - her cat A/bhur/Ár gcat. Their/our Cat. How simple Welsh seems.

It's cool the way Welsh divide this and that. Y ty hwn. Glad I started learning Welsh. Iaith godidog.

Diolch hir- iaith. Diddorol iawn.

Well done, you have a very high level grasp of Welsh grammar but your not Welsh?

Outstanding.❤

I would disagree that there are 7 vowels letters in Welsh, technically there are 12 vowel letters in Welsh. 4 radical vowels and 8 secondary vowels in the same way that there are technically 31 consonant letters, 12 radical and 19 secondary this is if you don’t include J which was adopted for native English words adopted into Welsh. So for example C is a letter in English but in Welsh it represents 2 letters, C and the mutation of G, although they look like the exact same letter, they are technically different and this is down to the fact that when the Welsh “alphabet” was romanised the same Roman letter was used to represent multiple Welsh letters but over the centuries these in some case were altered to show they were different but it wasn’t the case for all. For example the Roman letter C covered 4 Welsh letters and over time they were altered and now those 4 C’s are C, Ch, Ngh and the mutated C (G) T used to represent 4 Welsh letters too but like with C those letters are now T, Th, Nh and the mutated T (D) you also have the letter B which was used to represent 3 Welsh letters, B, F (mutated B) and M (mutated B) So the F (mutated B) is a different letter to F but in the modern alphabet the distinction is lost whereas in the Welsh “alphabet” it would have been a unique letter distinguishable from one and other. You would have know instantly whether if was an F or a mutated B, there would be no need to understand Welsh grammar and what does and doesn’t cause the consonant mutations. As for the vowels, an A and a long A were distinguishable by a circumflex over the vowel, so A/a and Â/â and these too were unique vowel letters but became the same letter. The 4 radical vowels were a, e, i, o The secondary vowels were offshoots of the 4 radical vowels, so the secondary vowels of A - â E - ê, u, û I O - ô, w, ŵ, y Obviously when you are talking about the sounds themselves, you have the w which is sometimes an consonant and sometimes a vowel and y is sometimes an uh sound and sometimes an ee sound but on a purely written sense, there are technically 12 vowels in Welsh not 7

This channel is simply fantastic

"y" was probably not from "sindos" and "sinda" but rather from Latin "ille" and "illa". ille > ill > ydd > yr > y

This is really cool, good work.

Are we going to have more videos from Rodolfo soon? He appears to have gone quiet.

Diolch yn fawr am dy fideos. Rhagorol.

What about mutation with pronouns?

diddorol iawn! diolch gan dysgwr

I am so glad that a Brazillian achieved this! The Welsh people suffered a lot in the past and always is nice to have good people coming into Wales bringing the best they have. The welsh people are friendly! All the best!

Diolch, esboniad swych 👌

I would consider w in English similarly as y. A semivowel.

I appreciate your clear explanations!

This is very cool, thank you!

Excellent and interesting explanation

I came across this since I wondered whether one could do the UK citizenship test in a British language other than English (I thought it should only be right that anyone could take full part in British legal matters in Gaelic or Welsh). I really do appreciate you saying that you wanted to affirm the role of Welsh language identity as part of Britishness! I've been learning Welsh for almost a year now, and it reveals much of the shared history of this island when you realise that plenty of place names originate in Old Welsh/Brythonic, such as Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Kirkcaldy etc. Nominally, I am indeed English and I appreciate that element of my identity (and speak it almost adequately). Nonetheless, /British/ always spoke to me of something greater, something that encompasses the various customs and cultures of this land: Britain, Prydain, Albion.

Cornish has four mutations! Also Westcountry English, especially Devon and Cornwall, also has lenition of middle 't', I suspect from where American English gets it, e.g. butter is budder, get on is geddon, water is wadder etc.

Unbelievably good! Thanks!

Awesome videos! Keep it up!