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Борис Львович - человек, творящий историю! Таких как Вы - один на миллиард!

Борис Львович... Наш Борис. Наш - Бориска. Наш - Боря. Скромный, приятнейший, достойнейший собеседник. Надеюсь, что - друг. Но это неважно. Важно, что - великолепный врач, талантливейший хирург, спаситель жизней. Человек-Вселенная! Гордость земли Архангельской! Великий человек. Великий и (практически!) незаметный. Долгая лета, Боря! Ты можешь сердиться, но мы ( и я, в частности) тебя любим бесконечно. И гордимся бесконечно. Сергей и Елена Думанские.

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Once a year the participants of the IASC gather in an expanded format to summarize the results of their collaboration. The host city for the Arctic Science Summit Week is selected in advance. The 2019 ASSW in Arkhangelsk became the 21st and for our city to be among the applicants the preparation began in 2014. Previously the scientists gathered in Toyama (Japan), Fairbanks (Alaska), Prague (Czech Republic), Davos (Switzerland). The next summit will be held in Iceland, the one in 2021 - in Portugal. “Experts from 29 countries of the world visited Arkhangelsk. These are people who are passionate about the Arctic and are actively engaged in field research. Everything that we do in the International Arctic Science Committee is aimed at encouraging further scientific research of the Arctic region and engaging more and more specialists. We need to accumulate that critical mass of knowledge and understanding of the Arctic, which will allow us to predict climate change and prepare for the conditions in which people will live in the Arctic regions,” said Vladimir Pavlenko, IASC Vice President, member of the Arctic Expert Council within the Federation Council. “We are very pleased that this year’s Arctic Science Summit Week was held in Russia. The summit was productive: the IASC working groups meetings, presentations, sessions. Today, important changes are occurring in the Arctic, some are fairly predictable for the scientific community, but the scale of these changes in the past two years is really alarming. We need to implement new approaches in order to delve into the essence of these changes, and to know for sure what consequences await the environment and climate,” said Larry Hinzman, director of the Arctic Research Center (Alaska, USA). American researcher Victoria Buschman presented at the Arctic Science Summit Week a report on facilitating the inclusion of Indigenous participation in circumpolar Arctic wetlands conservation. Victoria said that communication with indigenous peoples is built directly - scientists meet with communities, discuss projects and forms of cooperation aimed at the common goal of researchers and residents of the Arctic territories - to preserve the Arctic ecosystem, to create conditions for better human life in the Arctic. “This was discussed during the meeting of the scientific community here in Arkhangelsk. I love Russia very much, and I would really like to come back here. Perhaps I will apply for an internship or an exchange program to work here. I have a friend in Arkhangelsk, I managed to see a lot of interesting things around the city. I am delighted with wooden architecture,” said Victoria. For Thomas Diehl, a scientist at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre in Italy, it is his second trip to Russia, he visited St. Petersburg before as a tourist. “The Arctic Science Summit Week was very fruitful for me. There was an opportunity to talk with scientists with whom we are engaged in related research - global warming, climate change on the Earth's surface, permafrost. In the Terrestrial Working Group, we work a lot with modeling, and it is important for us to get feedback on the currently used models. This meeting is very important in terms of networking of the entire scientific community,” shared his impressions Thomas Diehl. He went on a city tour, visited the Maritime Museum and Malye Korely. “It was interesting to go to the open-air museum, learn about how people used to live in this region, their customs and day-to-day life. Excursion to the Gostinyi Dvor was also very interesting. In general, everything was very intense and busy, this applies to the Summit Week as well as the cultural program,” added Thomas Diehl. Elmer Topp-Jørgensen from Aarhus University (Denmark) noted for himself an important result of the Arctic Science Summit Week - networking: he was able to communicate with a large number of scientists and researchers from around the world. “My work is to coordinate Arctic research projects, particularly in Greenland, and networking is very important here. This is an amazingly interesting experience; here, in Arkhangelsk, the atmosphere is very pleasant and hospitable and people seem very approachable. It was great,” said the researcher. All foreigners were surprised by the early end of the heating season in the regional center. The halls for events were quite frankly cold. “We even joked that we experienced a real Arctic atmosphere to match the Arctic Science Summit Week. In general, the organization was excellent, at a very high level, we are leaving the city in a good mood,” added Thomas Diehl. It should be noted that the organization of the summit was handled by the operator - the Arkhangelsk company “VERY GOOD GROUP”. According to its director Denis Zheleznikov, the preparation for the event was carried out in a very short time - in just six months, although the world practice for organizing such summits is one or two years. In connection with the peculiarities of visa control, only 340 scientists arrived in Arkhangelsk with preliminary 450 registrations. “The development of website, information platform, Internet acquiring connection, development of transport logistics, volunteer service, paperwork, organization of the cultural program, accommodation and catering for participants, hall rental, advertising branding, souvenirs, all technical issues, creating and maintaining communications between all services and institutions within the region involved in preparing the summit - all this was our responsibility. We managed to do virtually the impossible, we tried very hard so that representatives of the world scientific community could get a good impression of Arkhangelsk. The high appreciation of our work is the invitation to cooperate at the next summit in 2020, which will be held in Iceland,” said Denis Zheleznikov.

Marika Holland was recognized for outstanding achievement and scientific leadership role in understanding, modeling and predicting the Arctic climate system, in particular sea ice. The scientist could not personally attend the celebration, as she is currently on an expedition. At the Arctic Science Summit Week in Arkhangelsk, her lecture “Perspectives of Arctic sea ice predictions: from seasons to centuries” was shown. IASC believes Marika Holland’s work plays a defining role in building an integrated understanding of the Arctic. She builds communication between climate and Earth system modelers with experimentalists and field observers, and also connects the world’s academic research community with the software and model development community. In addition to research, Marika Holland mentors numerous early career scientists in Australia, Canada, Sweden and the United States through frequent university course lectures. IASC also notes the researcher’s influence as a female role model in the physical sciences. In 2018 the IASC Medal was received by American scientist Oran Young. He was awarded for his outstanding achievement in understanding Arctic institutional dynamics. Dr. Young was IASC Vice President from 1994-2000. The first IASC Medal was presented in 2010, it was awarded to Patrick Webber, a professor at the Michigan State University (USA). The scientist was the first to describe the structure of tundra ecosystems in Colorado and Alaska. His research provided the basis for long-term research on changes in the functioning of tundra ecosystems. According to IASC Vice President Vladimir Pavlenko, the winners are determined by the Arctic scientific community, primarily members of the International Arctic Science Committee. Russian researchers have not yet received this medal, but there is every chance that this will change in the coming years. The main reason is the lack of English language publications among Russian scientists, which is crucial in making one’s work known to fellow scientists from around the world. May 22-30, Arkhangelsk hosts Arctic Science Summit Week - an annual summit gathering scientists involved in development and support of Arctic research. The 2015 ASSW was held in Toyama (Japan), Fairbanks (Alaska) hosted the summit in 2016, Prague (Czech Republic) in 2017, and Davos (Switzerland) in 2018.

Speaking at the plenary meeting of the summit, the governor of the Arkhangelsk region, Igor Orlov, called the event the basis for determining the vectors for further development of not only the Russian Arctic zone but the entire Arctic as a whole. “Further development must be carried out on the basis of accurate and reliable data provided by the scientific community,” commented Igor Orlov on the relevance of the summit. “Today we are talking about new logistical routes, the development of deposits on the mainland and on the shelf. New scientific research is needed in order to implement investment projects, and it is precisely the goal that the International Arctic Science Committee has set for itself today, having gathered an impressive array of experts in Arkhangelsk. We are using this scientific platform to consolidate the status of Arkhangelsk as the key region in the development of the Arctic.” The range of topics presented in the reports of the summit participants is not limited solely to the consequences of the development of the Arctic and the influence of climate on the local population. So, Rebecca Hewitt from the Northern Arizona University presented a report on the problems of coastal, island territories and forests in connection with climate change. Scientists in Arizona have traced the pattern between average annual temperatures rising and the increasing number of forest fires to the North of the Arctic Circle. “We monitor the effects of forest fires, the ability of nature to recover on its own,” said Rebecca Hewitt. “We are interested in how vegetation affects the climatic conditions of a particular region. It is no secret that large forests of darker colors better absorb heat energy.” The researchers of the Northern Arizona University concluded that climate change directly influences the number of forest fires, as the average annual temperature is becoming higher from year to year. The causes of fires remain the same as before: mainly thunderstorms, partly human activity, but warmer weather creates favorable conditions for the occurrence of natural causes of fires. The growth of average annual temperatures and permafrost retreat affects human activity in high latitudes. Vladimir Pavlenko, IASC Vice President, is sure that climate change has no direct impact on the health of the population in high latitudes. A similar opinion was expressed by the supervisor of the Norwegian company Kings Bay, which provides for the livelihood of the research station of Ny-Ålesund in Spitsbergen. Svein Sønderland lives there almost all year round. “We transport from the mainland all kinds of cargo and food for the research station and the village itself,” said Svein Harald Sønderland. “More than two hundred scientists from a dozen countries are engaged in research there. We are now at about 65 degrees north latitude, and Ny-Ålesundis at 79 degrees. I have spent several years in the archipelago, and I cannot say that the polar night or the polar day somehow affect my health, although I cannot speak for all the scientists on the islands.” More significant effect of climate change is noticeable in the state of engineering infrastructure. “The landscape and the species composition of some natural areas are transforming. For example, in the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the forest-tundra is actively advancing on the tundra, streams and rivers appear where they did not exist before, permafrost is thawing, and as a result oil pipelines are torn, technological roads are destroyed, etc. Such is the impact of climate change,” said Vladimir Pavlenko.

“First of all, we are discussing climate change and the impact of this process on humans. On one hand, this is a positive thing, because warming opens up access to new resources. But we should not forget that the Arctic is a territory where people live, and the Arctic is alive while it is inhabited,” said Violetta Gassiy, Doctor of Economics, Professor, the official representative of Russia in the Social and Human Working Group of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC). According to her, climate change leads to negative consequences as well. For example, the concept of sterility of the Arctic region is now being excluded as increasing penetration of microbes is recorded. There is a larger variety of insects. “Within the framework of the International Arctic Science Committee, we are implementing collaborative projects in the field of social and humanitarian research, we are studying the ocean, the soil, and the formation of ice cover,” said Gassiy. Answering the question about human impact on climate change, Violetta Gassiy remarked that this process cannot be averted: “This is, unfortunately, our reality. The only thing is that our society can be more active in developing the necessary mechanisms of reaction, adaptation not only for humanity as a whole but also from the point of view of introducing modern technologies. Which is important as the melting of permafrost is already felt now, the infrastructure that sustains human activity in the Arctic suffers.” A similar opinion was expressed by the Doctor of Oceanology of the Center for Environmental Science in University of Maryland (Washington, USA) Lee Cooper: “In my opinion, there is a false choice between economic development and environmental protection. These two concepts are compatible, we can improve our technologies in environmental terms and reduce the negative impact on nature.” For example, we can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and emissions to the atmosphere of greenhouse gases. But even if we apply a new strategy for CO2 emissions, we are looking at “changes of unimaginable sizes” in Arctic ecosystems. According to a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was approved last October in Korea, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activity will need to be reduced by almost 45 percent by 2030 compared with 2010 levels. Around the year 2050, humanity needs to achieve “pure zero” to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. “Enormous changes await Arctic ecosystems, even if we apply a new strategy for CO2 emissions. The changes are irreversible, their progress will be difficult to stop,” said Olga Gavrichkova, a member of the Italian National Research Council. “The transformation of the climate that is occurring in the Arctic now is already exceeding the average values for the Earth, and in the future will continue to grow. We need global restructuring.” Pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C would require rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems. The problem of the response of the Arctic ecosystem to climate change is very relevant today, and scientists at the Arctic Science Summit Week in Arkhangelsk are discussing these topics in the framework of the IASC Terrestrial Working Group. “The scientific community cannot yet imagine the scale of the transformation that awaits the Arctic - how much defrozen permafrost will be decomposed into organic matter and released into the atmosphere, how much CO2 will enter the atmosphere. For example, the question is whether vegetation will react to climate change, whether it can absorb some of the carbon or, conversely, plants will stimulate microbes to further enhance the decomposition of this additional organic matter, which after warming will become available to microorganisms,” said Olga Gavrichkova. At the plenary session, the report on cardiovascular diseases in the north of Russia and in the northern provinces of Norway generated interest. The figures vary greatly, which clearly indicates the insignificant influence of climatic conditions on health. Such conclusions were made by scientists of the Northern State Medical University (NSMU), who presented the results of many years of research. Alexander Kudryavtsev, the Head of Department of Innovative Programs of the NSMU Central Scientific Research Laboratory, presented the results of the “From Heart to Heart” project, within which the results of a survey of residents of the Arkhangelsk Region and Tromsø county were summarized. “The mortality rate in Russia is nine times as high as in Norway, that is, for one death case from cardiovascular disease in Norway there are nine cases in Russia. It is certainly important for us to understand what has caused such a significant difference, and to apply the methods of disease prevention and treatment that our Norwegian colleagues use,” said Alexander Kudryavtsev. Researchers have studied mortality statistics, risk factors and many other parameters. To this end, more than five thousand people in Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk were examined. The examination has shown that in Russia there are many more people suffering from hypertension: about 40 percent of men suffer from high blood pressure in Norway, while in Russia the number is 60 percent. Among women, this figure is about 30 percent in Norway and 55 percent in Russia. At the same time, more women in Russia are overweight than in Norway: 36 and 22 percent, respectively. Among men, this figure is about the same. The incidence of cholesterol plaques in Russia is also higher than in Norway. Moreover, the number of men who have had strokes and heart attacks in Russia is almost twice as high as in Norway. “Such significant differences suggest that climatic conditions do not have a critical impact on public health. In particular, this can be said about the work of the cardiovascular system,” said Alexander Kudryavtsev. May 22-30, Arkhangelsk hosts the largest international event with the participation of 450 scientists from 29 countries. The summit on Arctic issues is held at the initiative of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC).

“We are very grateful for the support provided by the International Arctic Scientific Committee (IASC) and we will continue to cooperate and build our work in close contact with our colleagues,” said Vladimir Pavlenko, Vice-President of IASC, member of the Arctic Expert Council within the Federation Council. “Concentration of our intellectual efforts on the agenda, which is in the name of our conference, is most relevant. This is climate change and the development of the Arctic population.” “Due to climate change, global warming, the ecosystem is changing a lot,” said Larry Hinzman, director of the Arctic Research Center (Alaska, USA). “It is very important for the global Arctic scientific community today to work together - at the intersection of disciplines and focuses - and discuss issues at the international level in order to come to a deeper understanding of how the ecosystem is changing today and how it will transform in the future, what the consequences of these changes may be. It is also important that we meet here, in Russia, as it occupies a large part of the Arctic. There are strong scientists here, including in Arkhangelsk. Joint projects have greatly influenced the development of Arctic science.” The activities of the IASC working groups are focused not on isolated research, but on multidisciplinary scientific work within the framework of the strategy for the development of Arctic research for five years, adopted by the International Arctic Scientific Committee last year. Within the group where they discuss issues of the Arctic hydrosphere, special attention is paid to the melting of sea ice. “It is very important for us to understand the significance of this process for the entire ecosystem, and how we can reduce its negative impact. Events such as the Arctic Science Summit Week help researchers from around the world find common ground and discuss global issues of Arctic science at the international level,” said Lee Cooper (USA), professor at the University of Maryland. “Melting of glaciers leads to inevitable changes in the atmosphere and the task of the scientific community in this area is to study this process and determine the impact of changes in sea glaciers on average altitudes.” “Melting of sea ice affects the ecosystem in the Arctic, many mammals are now in a stressful situation. The weather in the Arctic is changing, sometimes it rains in winter which creates certain problems for animals. We have learned to document what is happening, to use information to describe these changes,” said Kent Moore, professor from the University of Toronto. Professor from Iceland, member of the Cryosphere Working Group Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson researches glaciers. For Iceland this topic is highly relevant - 10 percent of the country's territory is covered with ice. “We have a lot of hydroelectric power plants that produce energy using melting ice. But since the air in the Arctic has become warmer in recent years, we have every reason to believe that if this continues at current rate, then in 200 years the glaciers will simply disappear. We are closely watching these processes, we make predictions,” said Thorsteinn. “This is my first visit to Arkhangelsk which, by the way, is at the same latitude as Reykjavik. In Iceland we hold annual meetings on climate change issues involving scientists from all Arctic countries. This year we plan to invite specialists from Russia.” According to the scientist, here at the summit they are interested to hear the findings of Russian science about changes in climate, the atmosphere, glaciers, sea currents in the Arctic Ocean, especially in the eastern Arctic, in Siberia. “We have little data on climate change in the Russian zone of the Arctic,” added Thorsteinn. “Our task is to combine data obtained in recent years by scientists from different countries who are studying the cryosphere, the earth's surface and the atmosphere. What impact does human activity in the Arctic have on the biosphere, on the number of mammals? To develop solutions and a common policy with regard to human activity in this region, we need reliable scientific data on all transformations in the Arctic nature,” said Christian Rixen (Switzerland) and Rebecca Hewitt (USA), members of the IASC Terrestrial Working Group. May 22-30, Arkhangelsk hosts the largest international event with the participation of 450 scientists from 29 countries. The summit on Arctic issues is held at the initiative of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC).

One of the projects that the IASC Atmosphere Working Group is engaged in is the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP), the main phase is held in the Arctic and Antarctic. The event was initiated by the World Meteorological Organization, the official start was given in 2017 in Geneva (Switzerland). “The project aims to improve weather forecasts and environmental conditions in the polar regions, in the course of the project many more measurements are taken in order to obtain more accurate data,” said Carlos Toledano, a member of the IASC Atmosphere Working Group at the Arctic Science Summit Week in Arkhangelsk. “In addition, we want to start working on measuring radiation coming to the surface of the Arctic from the Moon, in order to make it possible to obtain data during the polar nights in winter.” In January a working meeting on Arctic science was held in Helsinki (Finland), where scientists discussed data obtained during the first two Special Observing Periods of the Year of Polar Prediction. “Sudden Stratospheric Warming during the Arctic winter special observing period (February-March 2018) occurred ahead of the rare event of a polynya opening north of Greenland. While warm anomalies prevailed over the Labrador region as well as the waters of the Beaufort and Bering seas, northern Russia and large parts of Europe experienced a ‘Beast from the East’, or what the Finns call a ‘Finnish Wednesday’, with extremely low temperatures and heavy snowfall,” informs IASC. “Interestingly, the polynya north of Greenland re-opened during the Arctic summer special observing period (July-September 2018), resulting from another period of anomalously warm southerly winds.” Another area of research shared by scientists concerns the biological and chemical composition of the deep sea. According to the Doctor of Oceanology of the Center for Environmental Science in University of Maryland (Washington, USA) Lee Cooper, there is being conducted careful monitoring of the reduction of ice cover in the Arctic Ocean and the search for answers to the question of what effect this process has on the ecological systems in the Arctic. “It is obvious that polar ice caps are diminishing in the Arctic. In general, the most important result of climate change in the Arctic is the increase in the share of freshwater in the world's oceans as a result of melting glaciers in the Arctic. Water, therefore, is becoming less salty, its hydrogen composition is changing. This has an impact on marine mammals, as well as changes in temperature.” According to Cooper, this forces some species whose habitat is somehow associated with ice to migrate. One example is walruses, who usually spend a lot of time on the ice, resting after searching for food on the seabed. They, therefore, have to spend more time in the water, which they are not accustomed to, they have to migrate. In this way, animals are trying to adapt to new conditions. “In the Arctic, we can find such species of fish that migrate from the southern seas and have never been seen here before. At the same time, it cannot be ruled out that some animal species of the Arctic may soon disappear due to the fact that they will not be able to adapt to new conditions,” said Lee Cooper. The scientific community has little doubt that one of the causes of climate change is human activity and, in particular, increasing levels of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere. Today, its content in the air is at its highest in the history of scientific observations. Industrial enterprises, transportation, gas flaring at oil and gas fields, etc. All these affect the balance of carbon dioxide - both in the atmosphere and in sea water. “We mainly work off the coast of Alaska along the border with Russia. We are interested in systematic changes in the state of marine waters. The condition of the waters in the Russian zone is also of interest to us, since recently the sphere of our interests has spread to the entire Arctic Ocean. And we would be happy to work in Russian waters, which occupy a huge part of the Arctic Ocean, but this is currently impossible due to a number of restrictions,” said Lee Cooper. “For many years, Russian scientists have been conducting systematic research in those parts of the Arctic where we only occasionally get the opportunity to work. Holding the summit in Russia is a great opportunity to share experiences and compare research results, discuss possible cooperation options, since not all papers are published in English-language publications.”