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Minerals must be naturally occurring, inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and physical properties, as well as an orderly arrangement of atoms within a crystalline lattice. Many thousands of minerals exist, but only several dozen are especially common. These include minerals such as Quartz, Graphite, Potassium Feldspar, and Fluorite. We use minerals every day and are dependent u...

This is the mineral Galena. It has a metallic luster and a dark grey to black streak. Galena contains only 2 elements, Lead and Sulfur, and has the chemical formula PbS. It thus belongs to the Sulfide chemical family. Sulfides are minerals consisting of Sulfur and one or more metals. It ranks 2.5 on Mohs hardness scale, which is relatively soft and about as hard as your fingernail. Thus, Galena...

This is the mineral Sulfur. Note that it’s classified as a Native Element Mineral. Native Sulfur has all the characteristics required of minerals. Minerals must be naturally occurring, inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and physical properties, as well as an orderly arrangement of atoms within a crystalline lattice. Since Sulfur has all these characteristics, it’s rightfully c...

This is the mineral Sulfur. Note that it’s classified as a Native Element Mineral. Native Sulfur has all the characteristics required of minerals. Minerals must be naturally occurring, inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and physical properties, as well as an orderly arrangement of atoms within a crystalline lattice. Since Sulfur has all these characteristics, it’s rightfully c...

This is the mineral Quartz. It has a specific gravity of 2.6 and a vitreous luster. Vitreous simply means that quartz often looks like glass. Its white streak contrasts well against a black ceramic streak plate. Quartz is composed of the two elements Silicon and Oxygen, and thus belongs to the Silicate chemical family. Note that Oxygen and Silicon are the two most abundant elements in Earth’s c...

This is the mineral Pyrite. It has a striking brass and yellow metallic luster but produces a brown or greenish black streak when drawn across a white ceramic streak plate. It’s a relatively dense mineral, with a specific gravity of about 5, thus making it feel heavy in your hand. It ranks between 6 and 6.5 on Mohs hardness scale. Pyrite can be scratched by Quartz, which ranks 7, but not by Apa...

This is the mineral Potassium Feldspar. It is also called K-Feldspar, because K is Potassium’s symbol on the Periodic Table. You may also hear it called Orthoclase Feldspar, or simply Orthoclase. It’s one of Earth’s most abundant rock-forming minerals. Like most other rock-forming minerals, it belongs to the Silicate chemical family because it contains repeating chains of linked Silicon and Oxy...

This is the mineral Olivine. It’s a common rock-forming mineral that belongs to the Silicate chemical family because it contains repeating chains of linked Silicon and Oxygen tetrahedra. These tetrahedra consist of a single, central Silicon atom surrounded by 4 Oxygen atoms. In Olivine’s case, these Silicon and Oxygen tetrahedra are bound to atoms of Magnesium or Iron. Olivine that contains Iro...

This is the mineral Muscovite. It has a vitreous, or glassy, luster that is especially visible on its crystal faces. A crystal face is a geometric plane that develops as a crystal grows. Muscovite’s crystal faces are flat, sheet-like planes that look glassy under reflected light. The mineral exhibits perfect basal cleavage, meaning that it splits parallel to other cleavage planes. It ranks betw...

This is the mineral Magnetite. It has a metallic luster and a black streak that is best seen when drawn across a white ceramic streak plate. It’s positioned about mid-range on Mohs hardness scale, ranking between 5.5 and 6.5. The mineral has a specific gravity of 5.2 and thus feels relatively heavy in your hand. Magnetite has no cleavage. Its chemical formula is Fe3O4, making it part of the Oxi...

This is the mineral Hematite. Some specimens exhibit a metallic luster, while others clearly display an earthy luster. Metallic varieties rank between 5 and 6 on Mohs hardness scale, while earthy varieties are much softer and often have a hardness rank less than 2. In either case a high contrast, reddish-brown streak is produced when a sample is drawn across a white ceramic streak plate. The mi...

This is the mineral Halite. It’s commonly called Rock Salt, or simply Salt, and is usually clear or white with a vitreous, or glassy, luster. Some specimens faintly exhibit a yellow, red, or even bluish tint. It’s a relatively soft mineral, ranking 2.5 on Mohs hardness scale. Thus, Halite can scratch Gypsum, which is ranked 2, but not Calcite, which is ranked 3. When drawn across a black cerami...

This is the mineral Gypsum. Gypsum belongs to the Sulfate chemical family. Sulfate minerals contain a Sulfate ion. Sulfate ions are tetrahedral shaped compounds consisting of a central Sulfur atom surrounded by 4 Oxygen atoms. It often exhibits a vitreous, or glassy, luster, but some specimens display pearly or dull lusters. For example, the crystalline variety of Gypsum called Selenite has a p...

This is the mineral Graphite. Note that it’s classified as a Native Element Mineral because it's entirely composed of just one element, Carbon. Graphite has all the characteristics required of minerals. Minerals must be naturally occurring, inorganic solids with distinct chemical compositions and physical properties, as well as an orderly arrangement of atoms within a crystalline lattice. Since...

Fluorite

Corundum

Copper

Calcite

Biotite

Azurite

Apatite

Amphibole

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