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Thank you. Very clear on birth of the San Andreas!

Thanks for this informative video. So interesting and easy to see and understand. I live in that area

I know it's been 7 years but this just now popped up in my Recommended. Sounds like you're running a zoo in the background.

Where do you teach? anywhere online?

Parts of oak ridge in ventura co. Have lifted alot in 50 yrs.

I;m still ucrious to how magma is formed, were the rocks in the mantle initially hot?

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Do you think the Sierra nevada experienced several phases of uplift. I figure it was formed during the cascadia volcanic arch and then accreated onto nevada.

Pet peeves are a form of bigotry. What is a geologist doing teaching grammar that's he knows nothing about. Sierra is talking about the entire batholith (SINGULAR) Sierra also means "saw" which is singular and that's why it's used for some mountain ranges, because they look like a saw. And even if sierra (saw) was plural (which it's not) it's perfectly acceptable to pluralize foreign words that are plural in their native language that are not plural in English. How many mountains are in the Sierra Range? Is it OK with you if I go hike the mountains (plural) in the Sierra (plural) Nevada? According to you there is only bad grammar but it bothers you calling the Sierra Nevada "The Sierras"??? . . . which people have been doing FOR EVER? It's usage that determines what is correct, that's why we keep getting new words and new usages of old words in dictionaries. Do you hate all improper usage of words or just this one? How do you tolerate young students with all the slang young people use? If I hike the Sierra section of the PCT I always use the singular "Sierra" because it's all ONE section but if I'm just going to the Sierras then I'm going to the mountains and forests (of which there are many) in the Sierra Nevada Range. Range of what you ask? Range of mountains (plural). And if the word *sierra* is plural for mountain . . . what is the singular? See the problem with foreign words being used as proper nouns?

Wow, love and appreciate your videos, because yours is the most thorough! I still had quite a few questions that weren't answered with other videos, but yours have pretty much answered them! Thank you for these awesome and informative videos! Subscriber!

Excellent, was aware of klamath as broke off northern sierras, possibly associated with nevadan basin and range spreading. But always thought of sierras as single large basolith...my bad. Very clearly presented. Thanks.

Thought you should know: it's spelled 'lodestone,' not 'loadstone.' 'Lode' comes from Old English 'lad,' meaning way or path.

this just randomly popped up in my recomended for some reason damn

Thank you, i am studying at the moment the Batholith of Paarl , south africa , your terminology and lesson taught me a lot.

If the Sierra Nevada Mountains were uplifted after the lava flowed in the beds, wouldn't that cause the old river channels to be at an angle? All the pictures I see show the old channels with a U shape.

I was curious about Sierra Nevada mountain during school class, and thank you for letting me know like this

Nice one. Have learnt

Really good explanation.

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Thanks for posting these videos, I am fascinated with the organisms forming limestone. ........ One question I'd like to ask, is the limestone mountains up lifted from the sea are of biochemical and the limestone that is formed in caves (chemical) mean that ....... the origin of all limestone is first of all made by the sea organisms. That than get recycled, chemically, back to the ocean?

This photo is actually the Copper Canyon turtleback. The steeply dipping red fanglomerates overlying the slip surface are the Copper Canyon Formation. The Mormon Point turtleback is overlain by more gently dipping, Quaternary (?) conglomerates and the contact is not well exposed. The Copper Canyon Formation is well mapped in Harald Drewes "Geology of the Funeral Peak Quadrangle, California, on the East Flank of Death Valley", USGS Professional Paper 413, 1961 although he did not attempt an interpretation of some important features of the unit. Nyborg, 2011, describes the formation in considerable detail and puts the base of the formation at about 5 million years and the upper part at about 3 million years, based on dates for three basalt flows. The upper part of the formation contains a large-rock avalanche that slid into the basin across the alluvial deposits and plowed into the lacustrine rocks in the center of the basin. I estimate the LRA at about 1 km thick in the least-eroded part overlying the lakebeds. The LRA is weakly brecciated and composed of metamorphic rocks. The overlying CCF is poorly exposed. The partly covered white rock along the contact appears to be intensely sheared carbonates possibly remnants of the upper Precambrian carbonate section exposed in many of the ranges to the east and southeast. I mapped the Mormon Point and Copper Canyon turtleback area for my Penn State Ph.D. thesis (J.K. Otton, 1977, unpublished).

Robert - I've been an admirer of yours for years. You were ahead of everybody with these kinds of videos pre-Covid. Congrats. I'm doing a new Baja-BC livestream this winter ('22-'23) and need to do a bunch with paleomag. Your sketches late in this video gave me a couple of new ideas on how to convey inclination. Thank you!

Epic description Doc! Thank you! 🤙

Mahalo for posting

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The East side of the San Andreas Fault [SAF] isn't the NA Craton moving SE, it's either allochthonous Terranes or uplifted Oceanic Terrain. The NA Craton is actually East of the .706 Line East of the Sierras. This makes the SAF on the East side independent of the NA Craton drift, and therefore, not directly influenced by its movement; indeed, both sides of the SAF including the Sierras are either part of the Pacific Plate and Oceanic Mantle Northwesterly direction or have previously overridden it and are being rafted NW at differing rates. Strike-Slip faulting doesn't have to be two opposing directions, they can be two terranes moving in the same direction, but in differing velocities: Much like a freeway truck lane alongside an adjacent passenger car lane, with a 10-mph average difference between the two. When you're alongside the truck, it appears to be moving in reverse, but it's not. Both sides of the SAF and all blocks and Terranes West of the .706 Line are moving NW at differing velocities; their true directional influence is the Oceanic mantle they have overridden, generated by the relatively close East Pacific Rise [EPR,] all moving NW. The EPR and the Juan De Fuca [JDF] are still one in the same and are still connected together via the Oceanic mantle under the NA Continent. The California Terrane rafts are just on an eastern off-set of the old Pacific/Farallon Spreading Ridge moving in concert with the JDF; indeed, as NA drifts SW over the Oceanic Mantle, the more of it will rift and raft NW, like Baja. There are two fundamental players in the Western NA tectonic movement, the Alpha origin- EPR, and the Omega destination- Aleutian Trench.

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Thank you for the information. I´m from Chihuahua and wanted to know about this formations. Great explanation!

ucla student and id like to say thank you

Thank you

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How do you download the assignment on google earth

Even two years after taking your CA Geology class, I’m still coming back to your videos to refresh my memory. Thanks, Dr. Lopez!

Thanks, excellent video.

Thank you Mr. Lopez. Your lectures are really nice. I’m learning a lot! Much appreciated!

Thank you for teaching this Dr. Lopez!

bookmark: 7:40

this is very interesting... once i get up to speed... a couple times through...

Thank you very much, Robert! This helps A LOT!

When I was.growing up in the early 80s my school took field trips to the Lava Beds National Monument every year. At the time we were told that the volcano that created the caves, chimneys, and other features was completely extinct. That if it ever became active again it would be several thousand to several hundred thousand years from now. Itresting to learn that it is active currently lol..

You didn't mention the source of the mantle upwelling below the B&R; could it be associated with the subducted Farallon spreading ridge between the Juan De Fuca and East Pacific Rise? (Rhetorical Question) The Great African and Baja Rifts are proof that mantle upwellings don't die when their spreading ridge subducts. The evidence in the American SW points to more than just the simple strike-slip faults replacing the subduction zone; as if all divergent activity below the continent ceases with subduction. Yellowstone is more evidence; since mantle upwelling origins are just as deep as mantle plumes, mantle upwelling is just as immune to subduction. Subduction isn't a black hole, and spreading ridge upwelling is far more significant and substantial than the old stale pseudo-science recognizes them as. Some even saying the the B&R was created by the Yellowstone Plume, hogwash! -Thumbs up #11

At 3:43 the figure on the right says modified from tobiach et Al. Can you give a more complete citation?

This is amazing information- thank you♥️

Twain Heart here. I grew up in the area and have always wanted to understand how these mountain ranges formed. Thank you! 🙏🏻

Was the Sierra Nevada range volcano or just pool of magma that didn't reach surface like Yosemite

California's stretch marks ha